What is an organism?

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What is an organism?
-any living thing -There are 7 characteristics
that distinguishes living from nonliving.
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All living organisms .

• 1. Are made up of one or more cells.

Cells are the basic unit of function and
structure of all living organisms.
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Unicellular -organisms made up of only
one cell.
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Multicellular -organisms made up of many cells
all working together.
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Multicellular organisms must display levels of
organization

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1. CELLS is the basic unit of life 2. A group of
like cells make up a TISSUE 3. Layers of
like tissues make up a ORGAN 4. A group of
organs working together for one purpose is
a SYSTEM Examples? Digestive, Excretory,
Circulatory, Respiratory,
Reproductive, Nervous, etc.. 5. ORGANISM
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5. Organism an individual living thing
(frog) Made up of a series of organ systems
working together.
6. Species group of like
organisms that can reproduce and produce a
fertile offspring. (spring peepers)
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7. Population
group of individuals of the same species living
in one place. ( All the spring peepers living in
Mrs. O'Neill's pond).
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8. Communities groups of many different
populations living in one area. ( all the
different types of frogs, fish, turtles and cat
tails in Mrs. ONeills pond).
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9. Ecosystem all the different organisms and
their physical environment both biotic and
abiotic
Biotic biolife anything alive Abiotic
anon biolife anything nonliving
like air, water, etc..
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10. Biosphere is the region of our universe
where organisms live (land, air and water).
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Whats the difference between the man and the
rock?
Man -made up of cells and displays all levels
of organization.
Rocks -not made up of cells. Made up of only
atoms and molecules
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All living organisms
2. Must be able to successfully
reproduce. -Reproduce means to make new
organisms . -This trait pertains to the species
and NOT to an individual.
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Types of reproduction
Asexual Reproduction A
not Sexual well you know what that
means...
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-Asexual reproduction is when one organism
divides into two new organisms. -the new
organisms are genetically identical.
-clones -
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Binary Fission
Bacteria, protist, some fungi, some plants and
some animals.
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Strawberry Plants
Budding Hydras
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Asexual Reproduction

• Benefits

• Disadvantages

• Only takes one organism to reproduce and keep the
  species alive

• Decrease in genetic diversity within a gene pool.
• Recycling of bad genes/or traits.
• If all organisms are identical than a single
  factor could wipe out the entire species.

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Example

• Streptococcus bacteria can be killed by
  penicillin.

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Sexual Reproduction -Requires two
things -sperm -egg -Produces organisms that
are genetically different.
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Zygote
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Sexual Reproduction

• Benefits
• Increases genetic diversity.
• All organisms within a species has unique traits.
• If the traits are beneficial they can pass them
  on to their offspring and create more fit
  organisms.

• Disadvantage
• In most species it requires two different
  organisms to reproduce
• Few species are hermaphrodites
• One organisms has the ability to produce both
  sperm and egg
• Most flowering plants
• Sponges

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External Fertilization verses Internal
Fertilization
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External Fertilization
Sperm and egg are released into the water
. Sperm and egg randomly come together by
chance. Offspring develop on their own, many
ending up as a prey or as fish food
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Fish
External Fertilization
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Frogs
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External Fertilization

• Benefits
• Provides the chance to produce a large amount of
  offspring

• Disadvantages
• Offspring develop unprotected
• Large amount of offspring do not survive

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• Internal fertilization
• Sperm is deposited into the females body and
  fertilization takes place inside the body.

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Internal Fertilization
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Internal Fertilization

• Benefits
• Offspring are protected by the females body or
  by an egg shell
• Better chance to survive.

• Disadvantages
• Less offspring are produced

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3. All living organisms must be able to grow and
develop.
Grow to increase in the number of
cells. Develop to change in form.
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Growth and development may occur at the same
time.
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• All living organisms must obtain and use energy.
• -need energy to do everything
• -grow, develop, reproduce..even sleep.

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Obtain energy through

• Photosynthesis
• SUN CO2 H2O ? Sugar O2

• Cellular Respiration
• Sugar O2 ? CO2 H2O ATP

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Heterotrophs Hetero trophs
different to nourish -organisms that get
energy by consuming and digesting
carbohydrates/sugars into useable
molecules. -these molecules are then broken down
into energy through the process of cellular
respiration.
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Who is heterotrophic -some bacteria -some
protist -all fungi -all animals
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• Different types of heterotrophs
• 1. Herbivore
• -plant eater
• -Ex
• cows, elephants, giraffes

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• 2. Carnivore
• -meat eater
• -Ex
• lions, tigers, sharks

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• 3. Omnivore
• -eats both plants and animals
• Ex
• Humans, bears

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• 4. Decomposer/Saprophyte
• Breaks down dead or decaying organic matter
• Ex
• bacteria, fungus or invertebrates

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Autotrophs Auto trophs self operating to
nourish -organisms which make their own
food/sugars through the process of -once
made the sugar must still be broken down into
energy through cellular respiration.
Photosynthesis
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Who is Autotrophic? -some bacteria -some
protist -all plants
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An organisms metabolism is the sum of all
chemical reactions that occur within a cell.
This includes the breaking down of food molecules
into energy and the use of this energy to do work
in the form of building, maintaining and
repairing the body .
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Ross Review
When we try to pick out anything by itself, we
find it hitched to everything else in the
universe.
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• If all of the lions on an African savanna were
  killed or removed, how do you think their absence
  might affect the other living things on the
  savanna?

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1. What is the energy source for this food web?
2. Who are the producers/autotrophs?
3. Who are the primary consumers/heterotrophs?
4. Who are the secondary consumers/heterotrophs?
5. What do the arrows represent?
6. Approximately what of energy is passed on
   through each step?

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Species interactions within an ecosystem

• 1. Predator-Prey Relationships

What is the role of the predator? -organism
that feeds directly upon another living
organism. -May or may not kill the prey. What
is the role of the prey? -the smaller and weaker
of the two organisms that is hunted by the
predator.
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• 2. Competition
• Two organisms of the same or from a different
  species compete for the same resources
• -Food
• -Shelter
• -Mates
• -Space

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• 3. Symbiosis

A non-antagonistic living together of two or more
members of different species. Two types of
symbiosis -Commensalism -Mutualism
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• Type 1Commensalism

Type of symbiosis in which one member clearly
benefits () and the other member is neither
benefited nor harmed .
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• Type 2 Mutualism

Is the association in which both members of the
partnership benefit.
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• 4. Parasitism
• When a smaller organism feeds on a larger
  organism, weakening or killing it.
• One organism benefits and the other organism is
  harmed .

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• Roles
• Parasite
• smaller organism that lives in
• or on the body of the
  host.
• Host
• Larger organism which is being
• lived upon.

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• All living organisms must adapt to their
  environment.
• WHY?
• Survival..

Camouflaging
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• Organisms that are best adapted to their
  environment are the ones who survived and
  reproduced. (Survival of the fittest)
• -leading cause of evolution
• -slow, gradual change over time

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Other adaptions
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Darwins Finches
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• All living organisms must be able to respond to
  their environment.
• WHY?
• Survival.

STIMULUS coldness heat no food
light
RESPONSE Shiver Sweat Birds fly south
/hibernation Plant grow towards it
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• All living organisms must be able
• display homeostasis.
• Homo
• same
• stasis
• stationary

Heart beat/pulse Blood pressure Water
balance Body temperature
Homeostasis is the ability for an organism or
cell to regulate its internal environment and
maintain an equilibrium or constant internal
conditions.
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-Homeostasis is accomplished by a series of
feedback mechanisms -An organism is in
homeostasis when its needs are met and it is
functioning properly.
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Example Blood sugar rises ? body senses change
? pancreas secretes insulin into blood ? insulin
effectively lowers the blood sugar level by
moving sugar into the cells. Once blood sugar
levels reach homeostasis the pancreas stops
releasing insulin If a person can not perform
this negative feedback loop then what is wrong
with the person? -
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Example Blood vessel is damaged ? platelets
cling to injured site and release chemicals to
attract more platelets ? platelets continue to
pile up and release these chemicals until a clot
is formed.
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Homeostasis happens in all organisms, even
plants. Plants need to regulate -water
loss -CO2 intake
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Homeostasis link
What is the body temperature of a healthy
human? How does our bodies react/maintain
homeostasis when exposed to the following
stimuli STIMULUS
RESPSONSE RESULT 1. Coldness ?
Homeostasis ?1. ? warms up
mechanism 2. 3.
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STIMULUS RESPSONSE
RESULT 2. Heat ? Homeostasis ?1.
?cools down mechanism
2. 3. Blood ? Homeostasis ?1. ?blood
pressure mechanism pressure
drops rises 4. Blood ?
Homeostasis ?1. ?blood sugar
mechanism sugar rises
drops