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Basic Psychoanalytic

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Title: Basic Psychoanalytic


1
Basic Psychoanalytic Psychodynamic Techniques
  • Mentoring
  • CPD Supervision

2
The Theory Bit
  • Psychodynamics
  • Developed by Freud during his work from 1890 to
    1930
  • Continued in the work of Jung (1964) Adler
    (1927) Erikson (1950) Kline
  • The psychodynamic perspective includes all the
    theories in psychology that see human functioning
    as based on the interaction of drives and forces
    (these are often believed to be unconscious)

3
Main Theoretical Assumptions
  • Personality Development
  • The mind is made up of three parts the ID, EGO
    and SUPER-EGO.
  • Personality is shaped as drives are modified by
    different conflicts at different times in
    childhood (often psychosexual development).
  • Motivation
  • Behaviour and feelings are powerfully affected by
    unconscious motives.
  • Adults behaviour and feelings are rooted in
    childhood experiences.
  • All behaviour has a cause (usually unconscious),
    even slips of the tongue. Therefore, all
    behaviour is determined. This is called Psychic
    Determinism.

4
Continued
  • Behaviour is motivated by two instinctual drives
  • Eros (the sex drive life instinct) and
  • Thanatos (the aggressive drive death instinct).
  • Both these drives come from the id.
  • Parts of the unconscious mind (the id and
    superego) are in constant conflict with the
    conscious part of the mind (the ego).

5
Structure of the Psyche
  • Conscious Mind - consists of all the mental
    processes of which we are aware.
  • The unconscious mind contains biologically based
    instincts for the primitive urges (ie sex,
    aggression). We have no idea of what information
    is stored in the unconscious mind.
  • .

6
Continue
  • The preconscious or subconscious contains
    thoughts and feelings that a person is not
    currently aware of, but which can easily be
    brought to consciousness. It exists just below
    the level of consciousness before the unconscious
    mind. (ie you are presently not thinking about
    your mobile telephone number, but now it is
    mentioned you can recall it with ease).

7
Personality Psychosexual Stages
  • Five stages of human development.
  • During each stage there is a crisis, that if not
    successfully managed will cause fixation.
  • Fixation in adulthood is demonstrated through a
    child like approach to gratifying the associated
    id impulses

8
The Stages Conflicts
  • Oral Stage
  • Birth 2 years.
  • Energy is focused orally as the world is explored
    through the mouth
  • Conflict - successful weaning
  • Fixation manifests in smoking, overeating etc
  • Anal Stage
  • 18 months to 3 years
  • Energy is focused in the anus as the world is
    explored through toilet training
  • Conflict Successfully negotiating toilet
    training
  • Fixation manifests in Anal Retentive Personality
    (excessively tidy), parsimoniousness and
    obstinacy or an Anal Expulsive Personality
    (excessively messy).

9
Continued
  • Phallic Stage
  • From 3 years onward
  • Energy focus is in the genital area as interest
    grows in gaining pleasure from the genitals
  • Conflict Oedipal complex (boys) Electra
    Complex (Girls)
  • Fixation - phallic character, who is reckless,
    resolute, self-assured and narcissistic
    (excessively vain and proud.) Or cause fear or
    the incapacity of close love.

10
Continued
  • Latency
  • period in which the sexual drive lies dormant.
  • Freud saw latency as a period of unparalleled
    repression of sexual desires and erogenous
    impulses.
  • During the latency period, repressed libidal
    energy is poured into asexual pursuits such as
    school, athletics, and same-sex friendships
  • Genital
  • From Puberty
  • energy focuses on his genitals and interest turns
    to heterosexual relationships.
  • Conflict Unresolved psychosexual development.
    The less energy left to invest in unresolved
    psychosexual developments, the greater the
    capacity to develop normal relationships with the
    opposite sex.
  • Fixation - particularly on the phallic stage,
    leads to struggles with further repression and
    defences.

11
Structure of the Mind
  • Id - a selfish, primitive, childish,
    pleasure-oriented part of the personality with no
    ability to delay gratification.
  • Superego - internalized societal and parental
    standards of "good" and "bad", "right" and
    "wrong" behaviour.
  • Ego - the moderator between the id and superego
    which seeks compromises to pacify both. It can be
    viewed as our "Sense of Self."

12
Conflicts
  • When the id is in conflicts with the superego,
    the ego utilises Ego Defence Mechanisms.
  • These also occurring when the id impulses are in
    conflict with each other, and when an external
    threat is posed to the ego.
  • Ego-defence mechanisms are natural and normal.
    However, when they get out of proportion, they
    have a negative affect on our wellbeing.

13
Level 1 Defences
  • These are termed the psychotic defence
    mechanisms
  • Denial.
  • Distortion
  • Delusional Projection
  • Psychosis - a severe psychological disorder such
    as schizophrenia)

14
Level 2 Defences
  • These mechanisms lessen distress and anxiety
    provoked by threatening people or by
    uncomfortable reality
  • Fantasy
  • Projection
  • Hypochondriasis
  • Passive aggression
  • Idealisation

15
Level 3 Defences
  • These are neurotic defences
  • Displacement
  • Dissociation
  • Isolation
  • Intellectualization
  • Reaction Formation
  • Repression
  • Regression
  • Neurosis - A mild psychological disorder.
    Psychological trauma can sometimes produce
    physical complaints loss of sleep, selective
    paralysis, overeating.

16
Level 4 Defences
  • Found amongst emotionally healthy adults
  • Altruism
  • Anticipation
  • Humour
  • Identification
  • Introjection
  • Sublimation
  • Suppression

17
How Psychodynamics Work
  • A therapeutic alliance is formed
  • Therapist maintains a therapeutic neutrality
  • This encourages the client to make transference
    and counter transference to the therapist.
  • Transference early patterns of fantasy and
    behaviour are unconsciously re-enacted with the
    therapist
  • This reveals unresolved conflicts patients have
    with figures from childhoods.
  • Counter transference the psychotherapist's own
    repressed feelings in reaction to the emotions,
    experiences, or problems of a person undergoing
    treatment.

18
Tools Techniques
  • Unconditional Acceptance
  • The symbolic content of psychotic symptoms
  • Analysis of Transference
  • Identification of ego conflicts through analysing
    defences
  • Identification of unresolved conflicts during
    psychosexual stages of development
  • Analysis of resistance
  • Empathetic reflection
  • Challenge
  • Free association
  • Dream analysis
  • Slips of the tongue
  • Forgetting
  • Posthypnotic suggestions
  • Rorschach Inkblot Test

19
Psychodynamics Mentoring
  • Whats important to mentoring
  • An understanding of transference
  • An understanding of counter transference
  • An understanding of ego defence mechanisms
  • Understanding resistance
  • Helps us understand ourselves better
  • Helps us understand others

20
Exercise One
  • Working in peer groups for 60 minutes, use
    questioning and challenging skills to identify
  • 1 time when you have experienced transference
  • 1 time when you have experienced counter
    transference
  • 3 times when you have experienced ego defence
    mechanisms (what ego defence mechanisms were
    they? What were the circumstances in which they
    occurred?)
  • 1 time you have experienced resistance
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