BASIC HUMAN VALUES: AN OVERVIEW

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BASIC HUMAN VALUES AN OVERVIEW

• Theory, Methods, and Applications

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Introduction to the Values Theory

• Values ?
• Are criteria people use to evaluate actions,
  people, and events.
• Each of us holds numerous values with
• varying degrees of importance.

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The Ten basic values

• Ten motivationally basic values are derived from
  three universal requirements of the human
  conditions.
• Needs, social interaction, and survival.
• Intended to include all the core values
  recognized in cultures around the world.
• Self direction
• Stimulation
• Hedonism
• Achievement
• Power
• Security
• Conformity
• Tradition
• Benevolence
• Universalism

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The Structure of Value Relations
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Applying the ten values to the case
Gay men and lesbians should be free to live
their own life as they wish
- Conformity and Tradition values are negatively
related to personal freedom of gay people. -
Hedonism and Universalism values are positively
related to freedom for gays.
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Sources of Value Priorities
Peoples background Age, Gender, Education
Life circumstances
Value Priorities
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Pattern of Value Relations with Other Variables
Variables gender, age, education,
socialization, and learning experiences

• Value theory a coherent structure enables us to
  treat peoples value systems (the Ten Values)
• values that are close in the structure, should
  have similar association with others
• when association of values with other variables
  most positively, the opposite of the circle
  values would view the most negatively associated
  values

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Age Influences Values

• Age influences values
• Cohorts (partners)
• Physical Aging
• Life Stage
• Cohorts effects on people's lives that arise
  from the characteristics of the historical
  periods during which they experienced in their
  stages of life such as childhood or middle age.
  (e.g., war, depression)
• i.e. elders give higher priority to materialist
  values than younger due to economic and physical
  insecurity experience in adolescence.
• While youngers give greater priority to
  self-direction, stimulation and less priority to
  security and tradition values

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Age Influences Values

• Physical Aging strength, energy, cognitive
  speed, memory and sharpness of sense decline with
  age
• when age arises..
• Security values more important
• While, stimulation values less important because
  risks are more threatening and hedonism and
  achievement are less important
• Life Stage opportunities, demands, and
  constraints in life stages cause age differences
  in values
• In early adulthood, work and family establishing
  is primary concern
• In middle adulthood, stable work and family and
  maintain social networks

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Gender Influences Values

• Psychoanalytic Theorists
• Women are more related and affiliated.
• Men are more autonomous and individuated.

• Cultural Feminist theories
• Women show more concern for an ethic of care
  and responsibility.
• Men focus more on an ethic of rights based on
  justice and fairness.

• Social Role Theorists
• Women assume more expressive, person-oriented
  roles
• Men engage in and learn more instrumental,
  task-oriented roles

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Education Influences Values

• Educational Experiences
• Increase the openness to non-routine ideas and
  activity central to stimulation values and
  self-direction values.

• Education correlates positively with achievement
  values
• The constant grading
• Comparing of performance in schools
• The higher priority to universalism values, the
  higher education we seek

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Sources of Value Priorities
Peoples background Age, Gender, Education
Life circumstances
Value Priorities
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The Schwartz Value Survey (SVS)
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The Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ)