1.2. ???pt??? d?ap??s?p???? s??se??

1
1.2.???pt??? d?ap??s?p???? s??se??
e?s??a?s??s?
2
? e??t?ta µe µ?a µat??

• ? e?s??a?s??s?.
• ?? d?ap??s?p???? s??se?? ?a? ? e?s??a?s??s? st?
  s???e??.
• ?e?????? ??a t?? e?pa?de?s? t?? e?pa?de?t????
  efa?µ????, d?ast????t?te?, pa?ade??µata.
• ????p???s? t?? te???????a? ??e? s?????e?
  ep????????a? ?a? e?s??a?s??s?.

3
St???? t?? e??t?ta? e??a? ?? e?pa?de??µe???

• ?a e??µe?????? ??a ??µata p?? af????? st??
  d?ap??s?p???? s??se??, ?a?
• ?a a?apt????? te?????? e?s??a?s??s?? ?at? t? d???
  t??? e?pa?de?s?, ?ste st?? p??e?a ?a µp????? ?a
  t?? µetaf????? st?? t???.

4
???sd???µe?a ap?te??sµata

• ?e t? p??a? t?? e??t?ta? a?t?? ?? e?pa?de??µe???
  a?aµ??eta? ?a ????? ap??t?se? ???se?? ?a?
  de???t?te? ??a t?? a??pt??? t?? d?ap??s?p????
  s??se??, ?ste ?a e??a? se ??s? ?a ????et???
  te?????? e?s??a?s??s?? st?? ?a??µe????
  e?pa?de?t??? p????.

5
?????e? ??e?d??

• ????s?
• ??ap??s?p???? s??se??
• ?????????-s??a?s??µat??? a??pt???
• ??s??a?s??s?
• ???t?se?? a???p???s?? t?? te???????a?

6
????? ? ep?t???µ???? µa??t??

• ??t?? p?? d?a??te?
• ???se??,
• ???t??? ??a??t?ta ?a? d?µ????????t?ta,
• ????t?a ??a µ???s?,
• eµp?st?s??? st?? ??a??t?t? t?? ?a µa?a??e?,
• e??a?e?a ?a? st?at?????? ??a t?? ap??t?s?, t??
  a???????s? ?a? t?? efa?µ??? t?? ???s??, ?a??? ?a?
• ep????s? t?? ????t???, t?? s??a?s??µ?t??, ?a? t??
  s?µpe??f???? t?? ?????, d??ad? ??e? e?s??a?s??s?.

7
??ast????t?ta 1

• S???t?ste se µ????? ?µ?de? t?? ???sµ? t?? e??????
  d?ap??s?p???? s??se?? ?a? e?s??a?s??s?.
• ??af??ete pa?ade??µata ap? t?? ?a??µe???? ???.

8
?? e??a? ? e?s??a?s??s?

• ???a? µ?a ?s????p?µ??? pe?????e?a p?? ?d??e?
  st? ßa??te?? ?ata???s? t?? ?????, a???p????ta?
  ???st??? ?a? s??a?s??µat??? st???e?a (Bellet,
  Maloney, 1991, Eisenberg, 2002).

9
?? e??a? ? e?s??a?s??s?

• ? ??a??t?ta a?a?????s?? ?a? ?ata???s?? t?s? t??
  a?t??????, ?s? ?a? t?? s??a?s??µ?t?? e??? ?????
  at?µ??, ?a??? ?a? t?? µetaß?ßas?? a?t?? t??
  ?ata???s?? µ?s? µ?a? de?t???? ap????s?? ?
  a?t?d?as?? st? pe??ß????? (response).

10
??af??ete d???se?? p?? d?e????????? t??
e?s??a?s??s?
11
??af??ete d???se?? p?? d?e????????? t??
e?s??a?s??s?

• ???t?µata
• ?p??e?? ?a µ?? pe?? ?? a?t?
• ??? s?? f????e a?t?
• ??? se ??a?a? ?a a?s?a??e?? ??a a?t?
• ??e??????se??
• G?a ?a d? e?? ?at??aßa ?a?? ...
• ?e? µ?? pe??ss?te?a ?? a?t? ...
• T??? ?a e?µa? s??????? ?t? ?at??aßa a?t? p??
  e?pe? ...
• ?pa?t?se?? - ?p????se??
• ??? fa??esa?
• Fa?t???µa? ?t? p??pe? ?a e??a? ...
• ?ata?aßa??? t? ????e?? ...

12
???e? ?? d?ast?se?? t?? e?s??a?s??s??

• ? ???st??? ??a??t?ta t?? ?ata???s?? t??
  s??a?s??µ?t?? t?? ????? ?a?
• ? s??a?s??µat??? ??a??t?ta d?a?e???s?? t??
  s??a?s??µ?t?? t?? ?????.

13
??ast????t?ta 2

• S???t?ste se µ????? ?µ?de? ?a? a?af??ete
  e?f??se?? p?? µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p???se? ?
  e?pa?de?t???? ??a ?a ß????se? t??? µa??t?? t?? ?a
  ?ata???s??? t?? ?????a t?? e?s??a?s??s??.
• S???t?ste se µ????? ?µ?de? ?a? a?af??ete
  pa?ade??µata p?? ?a pe?????f??? t? ???st??? ?a?
  t? s??a?s??µat??? d??stas? t?? e?s??a?s??s??.

14
???t?s?

• ?????? af??? ??a p????aµµa a??pt????
  d?ap??s?p???? s??se?? ?a? e?s??a?s??s?? st?
  s???e??

15
?? d?ap??s?p???? s??se?? ?a? ? e?s??a?s??s? st?
s???e??

• St??? µa??t?? s?µß???e? st?? p??a???? t?? ???????
  ?a? s?µat???? ??e?a?, ?a??? ?a? t?? ??????????
  e?e??a? t?? µa??t??.
• St??? e?pa?de?t????? s?µß???e? ap?te?esµat??? st?
  ße?t??s? t?? d?ap??s?p???? s??se?? µeta?? t??
  e?pa?de?t???? s??ad??f?? ?a?, ?at ep??tas?,
  µeta?? t?? e?pa?de?t???? ?a? t??
  e?pa?de??µ????-µa??t??.

16
?a?a?t???st??? p?????µµat?? ?at??t?s?? t??
e?pa?de?t????

1. ?at??t?s? st? d?ap??s?p??? a?t????? ?a? t??
   e?s??a?s??t? ?ata???s?.
2. ?st?as? sta p??s?p??? s??a?s??µata.

17
??ast????t?ta 3

• S???t?ste se µ????? ?µ?de? ?a? s?µp????ste ??a
  p??a?a, st?? p??t? st??? t?? ?p???? ?a
  pe?????fete a???t??? s??a?s??µata p?? ß?????? ??
  µa??t?? sa? ?a? st? de?te?? st??? t?? s?????e?
  p?? ta p???a????.
• St?? t??t? st??? d?at?p?ste t?? e?f??se?? p??
  ???s?µ?p????? ?? µa??t?? ??a ?a pe????????? p??
  ???????, p.?. Ta µe??? ap? ap??s?e?.
• S??????ete t?? apa?t?se?? sa?.

18
?a?a?t???st??? p?????µµat?? ?at??t?s?? t??
e?pa?de?t????

1. ?st?as? sta ????? s?µe?a µeta?? t?? ?d??? ?a? t??
   ?????.
2. ?????t?s? ?????.
3. ??a?t??? e??s??s? st?? p??sd????sµ? t?? a?t??????
   t?? ?????.

19
?a?a?t???st??? p?????µµat?? ?at??t?s?? t??
e?pa?de?t????

1. ???es? se s??a?s??µata p?? p???a???? ???a
   s??a?s??µata.
2. ?p?d?s? ?et???? ?a?a?t???st????.
3. ???te??p???s? e?s??a?s??µat???? s?µpe??f????.
4. ?e??t? t?? e?s??a?s??µat???? at?µ??, ???st?? ap?
   t? d?µ?s?? ß??.

20
??ast????t?ta 4

• S???t?ste se µ????? ?µ?de? ?a? a?af??ete p??e?
  e?pa?de?t???? te?????? µp????? ?a ???s?µ?p???????
  se ??a p????aµµa a??pt???? d?ap??s?p???? s??se??
  ?a? e?s??a?s??s??.

21
???e? ?? te?????? ??a t?? e?pa?de?s? e?pa?de?t????

• ??e???t???? e?pa?de?t???? te?????? ?a?
  ß??µat???? µ???d??
• ? s??ta?? ?e?µ????,
• ? ??e??a µe e??t?µat?????a,
• ?? e?pa?de?t???? ep?s???e??,
• ? ??d?s? ef?µe??da?,
• t? ?eat???? pa????d? ?a?
• ?? ?a???te?????? d?µ??????e? (????? ?.?).

22
???e? ?? te?????? ??a t?? e?pa?de?s? t??
e?pa?de?t????

• ?a??t???te?e? te?????? e??a?
• e?µ??e?t???,
• d?a?e?t??? e??µ???s? µe ß?ß?????af??? a?as??p?s?,
  
• ????a,
• d?a???e??,
• a?a??t?s? st?? pa???sµ?? ?st?,
• ß??te?ta???e?.

23
??? e?asfa???eta? ? e?e???t??? s?µµet???

• µe t? ???s? ß??µat???? µe??d?? (µe??t?
  pe??pt?se??, pa????d?a ?????, p??s?µ???se??),
• µe t? s?µµet??? se ?µ?de? e??as?a?, st? p?a?s??
  t?? ?p???? ?d?a?te?? ßa??t?ta d??eta? st??
  a?te????e?a t?? µa??t??,
• µe t?? a???es? s???e???µ???? e??as??? st? p?a?s??
  t?? p?????µµat??, ? e?t??es? t?? ?p???? ?a
  e??s??se? t? a?s??µa ?pe?????t?ta? ?a?
  ??a??p???s?? t???.

24
???e? ?? p??se???se?? st?? e?pa?de?s? e?pa?de?t??

1. ? s??e??at??? µ???s? (collaborative learning).
2. ?a d?a-?????a?? p?????µµata ?a? ? a?????d?da?t???
   e?pa?de?s? (Cross-age peer tutoring)
3. ?? a????p??e?t????? - ????pa?da???????
   p??se???se?? st?? e?pa?de?s?.

25
??ast????t?ta 5

• S??e??aste?te se ep?ped? µ????? ?µ?d?? ??a ?a
  ß?e?te e?d??? ????sµ???, ta ?p??a p??te?????
  s??e??at???? ??se?? ??a t?? a??pt??? t??
  ep????????a? ?a? t?? µ???s??, a??? ?a? ??a ?a
  d?a????ete t? d??at?t?ta ??a t?? a??pt??? t??
  e?s??a?s??s?? sta ??f?a?? a?t? pe??ß?????ta.

26
??? µp??e? ?a a???p????e? ? te???????a st??
e?pa?de?t??? d?ad??as?a

• ?? µa??t?? ep?????????? µe t? e?pa?de?t???
  pe??ß????? µ?s?
• t?? ????sµ????,
• t?? e???????? ??sµ??,
• t?? e?f???-pa?da??????? p?a?t????
  (intelligent-pedagogical agents, avatars) ?a?
• t?? ????? d?aµ???asµ????-e???????? ??f?a??? ?????
  (shared-virtual learning environments) ??a t??
  a??pt??? e?pa?de?t???? d?ast????t?t?? (Lytras et
  al., 2005).

27
????p???s? t?? te???????a?

• ? d?aµ??f??µe??? s???????? p???t??, µ?sa ap? t???
  st????? t?? e?pa?de?s??, µp??e? ?a e?d??aµ??e?,
  ?ste ?a ???e? ??a???, a?e???t?t??, ap?d?t???? ?a?
  te???? ?a ???µ??e? µ???? t?? t? s?µpe??f??? t??,
  ?a a?apt?sse? ?????????? s??se??, ?????????
  s??a?s??µat??? d??aµ??? ?a? e?s??a?s??s?.
• St? ß?s? a?t?, ?? µa??t?? µp????? ?a ?????? p??
  a?e???t?t??, µe eµp?st?s???, ap?te?esµat???t?ta
  ?a? ?pe?????t?ta ap??a?t? st?? t??p? µe t?? ?p???
  µa?a?????, d?aµ??f????ta? t?? ??e? s?????e? t??
  ???? t???.

28
????p???s? t?? te???????a?

• ?? s???e?? ?a p??pe? ?a est???eta? st? ?a
  e??a????e? t??? e?pa?de??µe???? ?a ??????
  a?e???t?t??, ?ste ?a µp????? ?? ?d??? ?a
  d?a?e???st??? d?af??et???? p?e???? t?? d?da?t????
  ?a? t?? µa??s?a??? d?ad??as?a?.
• ??a ap?te?esµat??? e?pa?de?t??? ???µa ?e??e?ta?
  s?µa?t???? pa?????ta? ??a t?? ?p?st????? t??
  at?µ?? st? s??????? ??f?a?? pe??ß?????, t? ?p???
  ?? µa??t?? ?a e??a? se ??s? ?a ?e???st??? ??a ?a
  ?a????s??? t?? st?at?????? d?a?e???s?? t?? d????
  t??? µ???s?? se ??a ????????? ?a? s??a?s??µat???
  p?a?s?? asfa???? ?p?st??????.

29
????p???s? t?? te???????a?

• ?? µa??t?? ?at a?t?? t?? t??p? ?a e??a? se ??s?
  ?a a?apt????? µe t?? ?a??te?? ?a? p????
  ap?te?esµat??? t??p? t? d??stas? t??
  p??s?p???t?t?? t??? µ?s? t?? d??aµ???? ???????
  t?? a?a???? t???, t?? a??pt???? t?? ????t???, t??
  a?t?????µ?s?? t?? s?µpe??f???? t???, t??
  a?t?e?t?µ?s??, t?? s??e??at???t?ta? ?.?p., ßas???
  st???e?a ??a t?? p??sa?µ??? t??? st? ??? a?t?
  pe??ß????? (?a??? ?p?tsa??, 2001, ??s???d??,
  2006).

30
????p???s? t?? te???????a?

• St? ß?s? a?t?, ? µa??t?? e??a? d??at??, te????,
  ?a a?apt?sse? t? d??aµ??? t?? p??sd???????ta? t??
  p??s?p???t?t? t?? ap? t?? p???µ? s?????? pe???d?,
  e?? e?t?sseta? se ??a ??? ????????? ?a? µa??s?a??
  p?a?s??.
• ?? ßas???? ????e? t?? p??s?p???t?t?? t??, ?a???
  ?a? ?? ß??f?s????, ???st????, ?????????? ?a?
  s??a?s??µat???? pa?????te? µp????? ?a eµp?????ta?
  a?µ????? ??a t?? ?µa?? a??pt??? ?a? p??e?a t??
  ?at? t? s?????? ?a? e???te?? ????????? t?? ???.

31
????p???s? t?? te???????a?

• S?µa?t??? ????, e?d???te?a, st??? ????e? a?t???
  as???? ?? e???te?e? s?????e? d?aµ??f?s?? e???
  ?p?st????t???? ??????????? pe??ß?????t?? µ???s??,
  ?????????? ?a? d?ap??s?p???? s??se??.
• ??t? ap? t?? s?????e? a?t?? ?? p??a?afe??µe???
  pa?????te?, ?a? ?d?a?te?a ?? ????s??a?s??µat????,
  ep??e????? t?? ????t???a d??aµ? t?? at?µ??, ?ste
  ?a a?t?d?? st? pe??ß?????, ?a ep???????e? ?a? ?a
  d?µ?????e? t?? s?????e? ??a e?e????a ?a?
  p??sa?µ??? t?? st?? ??e? s?????e?.

32
??ß?????af?a

• Allport, G. (1968). The historical background of
  modern social psychology. In G. Lindzey E.
  Arronson, (1998). Handbook of social psychology.
  New York Addison Wessley.
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy The exercise
  of control. New York W.H. Freeman.
• Bellet PS, Maloney MJ., (1991), The importance of
  empathy as an interviewing skill in medicine,
  JAMA, 266(13), 1831-2.
• Brehm, S. S. Fletcher, B. L. and West, V.
  (1998) "Effects of Empathy Instructions on
  First-Graders' Liking of Other People, Child
  Study Journal 11/1 1-15.
• Buie, D. (1981). Empathy Its nature and
  limitations. Journal of the American
  Psychoanalytic Association, 29(2), 281-307.
• Dave ?. (2000). Becoming a master student (Ninth
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• Egan, G. (1994). The skilled helper A
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  Brooks/Cole.
• Eisenberg, N. (2002). Empathy-related emotional
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  compassion Western scientists and Tibetan
  Buddhists examine human nature. (pp. 135
  131-164). London Oxford University Press.
• Gallo, D. (1989). Educating for empathy, reason
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• Hahn, S. L. (1980). Let's Try a Positive
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• Hakansson, J. (2003). Exploring the phenomenon of
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  http//www.psychology.su.se/staff/jh/dissertation.
  pdf

34
??ß?????af?a

• Haynes, L. A., and Avery, A. W. (1979). Training
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• Herbek, T. A., and Yammarino, F. J. (1990).
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  Organizational Studies, 15/3 279-295.
• Jones B. F., (1990). The New Definition of
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  Regional Educational Laboratory.
• Kohn, A. (1991). Caring Kids The Role of the
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• Kremer, J. F., and Dietzen, L. L. (1991). Two
  Approaches to Teaching Accurate Empathy to
  Undergraduates Teacher-Intensive and
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35
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• Lamm, C., Batson, C.D., Decety, J. (2007). The
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• Lytras, M.D. and Sicilia, M.A. (2005). The
  knowledge society a manifesto for knowledge and
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• Meharbian, A. Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of
  emotional empathy, Journal of Personality. 40,
  525-543.
• Morgan, S. R. (1993). Development of Empathy in
  Emotionally Disturbed Children. Humanistic
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• Nilsson, P. (2003). Empathy and emotions On the
  notion of empathy as emotional sharing. Umea
  Department of Philosophy and Linguistics, Umea
  University.

36
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• Pecukonis, E. V. (1990). A Cognitive/Affective
  Empathy Training Program as a Function of Ego
  Development in Aggressive Adolescent Females,
  Adolescence, 25/97 59-76.
• Yogev, A., Ronen, R. (1982). Cross-Age
  Tutoring Effects on Tutors' Attributes. Journal
  of Educational Research, 75/5 261-268.
• ??s???d??, S. (2006). S?ed?????ta? pe??ß?????ta
  µ???s?? ?p?st?????µe?a ap? t?? ??e? te???????e?,
  e?d. Gutenberg.
• ?????d??, ?. (2005). Te???e? ????s?? ?a?
  e?pa?de?t??? p????, t?µ?? G?, ????a.
• ?a??? ?p?tsa??, ?. (2001). ??t?a?t????? ?a?
  a?t?e?t?µ?s? ???t??a, a??pt???, ?e?t????????
  ????? ?a? a???????s?. ????a ??d?se?? ????????
  G??µµata.
• ?a?as?e??, F. (2007). ?? ?e???????e? t??
  ?????f???a? ?a? t?? ?p?????????? (?.?.?.) st??
  ??t?µet?p?s? t?? ??ep???µ?t?? S?µpe??f???? st?
  S???e??, st? ?p? ??d. ß?ß??? ???ß??µata
  S?µpe??f???? ?a? ??t?µet?p?s? t??? st? S??????
  ????? ?p?µ. ?µµ. ?????d?? ????a.

37
Sa? e??a??st??µe ??a t?? p??s??? sa?