Seventh Grade Review

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Seventh Grade Review

• Life Science

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Living organisms require food, water, shelter,
energy, and space to survive
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Cells are the smallest units that carry out
activities of life
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The three components of the cell theory are

• 1) all organisms are made up of one of more cells
• 2) cells are the basic unit of structure and
  functions in all organisms
• 3) all cells come from cells that already exist

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Zacharias Janssen, in 1590, was the first to put
two magnifying glasses together in a tube
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek, in the mid 1600s, created
a simple microscope, and with a tiny glass bead
for a lens
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Robert Hooke, in 1665, looked at slices of cork
under his microscope, and called the empty
boxes he saw cells
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In 1839, Matthias Schleiden, studied plants and
concluded that all plants were made of cells
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In 1839, Theodor Schwann, studied animals and
concluded that all animals were made of cells
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Rudolph Virchow, in 1856, hypothesized that
older cells divide to form new cells
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Cells perform numerous functions and processes
including respiration, waste removal, growth,
irritability, and reproduction
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Cells that have the same goal group together to
form tissues, tissues that have the same goal
group together to form organs, organs with
similar goals group to work in organ systems
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The differences between plant cells and animal
cells are plant cells have chloroplasts, cell
walls, and larger vacuoles. Animal cells have
centrioles during mitosis
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The cell membrane forms the outer boundary of
the cell and only allows certain things to enter
and exit Cytoplasm is the gel-like material
inside the cell The cell wall is located
outside of the cell membrane and is used to
support and protect the cell found in plants,
monerans, and fungi.
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The nucleus directs all of the activities of the
cell and contains all of the genetic blueprints
for the operations of the cell
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The endoplasmic reticulum acts as the highway
system of the cell and moves materials around the
cell, Golgi bodies of the cell packages materials
to be moved to the outside of the cell
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The mitochondria of a cell are the powerhouse of
the cell that breaks down food molecules and
produces energy for the cell
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Lysosomes of a cell digest and destroy waste
products and worn-out cell parts. Vacuoles are
temporary storage units for the cells that may
contain food, water, or waste
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Ribosomes make proteins for the cell
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Chloroplasts are organelles in plant cells that
transform light energy into chemical energy in
the form of sugar C6H12O6 glucose
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Cells strive to maintain equilibrium

• Diffusion is the movement of molecules from where
  there are many to where there are few (high to
  low concentration).
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a cell
  membrane

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Cell Reproduction

• Mitosis is the process in which the nucleus of a
  cell divides and replicates to form two identical
  nuclei in a series phases prophase, metaphase,
  anaphase, and telophase
• Meiosis is the process of division in cells that
  produces sex cells

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Unicellular organisms are made of only one cell
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Multi-cellular organisms are made of many cells
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Multi-cellular organisms are complex in that
there is a division of labor for carrying out the
necessary life processes
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The life needs of plants are light, energy
source, gases, water, and nutrients
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Producers make their own food by photosynthesis
and are the beginning of food chains

• Chlorophyll is a chemical in chloroplasts that
  can absorb or trap energy and transform it into
  chemical energy called glucose

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Binomial nomenclature is the system used for
classifying organisms

• Kingdoms are
• arranged using system of names
  recognizable
• around the world

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The Five Kingdoms
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Moneran Kingdom

• Unicellular, prokaryotic cells
• No nucleus
• All have a cell wall
• Monerans are classified into two groups,
  autotrophs, and heterotrophs.
• Or bacteria and cyanobacteria
• Or Eubacteria or Archaebacteria

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Protista Kingdom

• Unicellular or multi-cellular, eukaryotic
• nucleus
• membrane
• form colonies or chains
• absorbs, ingests or photosynthesize food

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Fungi Kingdom

• Multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms
• Parasitic or saprophytic
• Reproduce using spores

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Plants Kingdom

• Multi-cellular eukaryotes
• Producers, cells contain chlorophyll
• Divided into non-vascular and vascular

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Animal Kingdom

• Divided into non-vertebrates and vertebrates
• Eukaryotic cells

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Populations

• Populations interact by competing for basic
  resources, mates, and territory
• Populations cooperate with each other to meet
  needs
• Populations have social order to ensure that
  labor and resources are shared.

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Every organism fills a specific niche, or role in
its community
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Independent behavior and group behavior can
influence a population.
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Symbiotic relationships include mutualism,
commensalism, and parasitism

• Mutualism occurs when both organisms benefit
• Commensalism occurs when one organism benefits
  and the other is unaffected.
• Parasitism occurs when one organism benefits and
  the other is harmed

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Ecosystems

• Examples of some ecosystems are forests, tidal
  pools, ponds.
• Ecosystems, living communities, and their
  physical environment are functional units with
  the biomes

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Organisms adapt to abiotic and biotic factors in
their home
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Food Chain

• A food chain is a diagram of relationships
  between living organisms. Shows living things
  depend on other things to live. Animals eat
  other animals to survive. A complex balance of
  life. If one animals source of food disappears,
  other animals may be impacted and die.

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A food web is two or more food chains hooked
together
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A pyramid shows relative amounts of energy
available to each level.
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• Producers
• (autotrophs) are organisms that make their own
  food.
• Heterotrophs are consumers, an organism that
  must obtain their food from eating other organism.

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• 1st level consumer-Primary consumer usually
  herbivores, animals that eat plants and algae.
• 2nd level consumers- Secondary consumers usually
  carnivores, animals that eat the primary
  producers.
• 3rd level consumers- Tertiary consumers animals
  that dont have predators, they are considered
  the top of the food chain.

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Decomposers are organisms that break down other
organisms. (bacteria, fungi)
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A predator-prey relationship is an interaction
between a consumer that hunts for another
consumer for food
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Omnivores are animals that eat animals and
plants.Herbivores are animals that eat only
plants.Carnivores are animals that eat only meat.
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Scavengers feed off dead animals.
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You are getting there!!!!

• Almost as smart as a seventh grader!!!!!

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Second Week 7th grade

• Light at the
• end of the
• tunnel
• Almost done
• with 7th!

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The four parts of the water cycle are
evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and
collection (infiltration).
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In the carbon dioxide oxygen cycle, producers
release oxygen for consumers who release carbon
dioxide for the producers.
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Nitrogen cycle is the circular path in which
nitrogen moves through the environment. Nitrogen
is a gas that makes up 78 of the earths
atmosphere.
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Nitrates are a combination of oxygen and
nitrogen, absorbed by the roots of plants
Nitrifying bacteria converts ammonia from dead
plants and animals and animal waste to nitrates
that can be used by plants
Denitrifying bacteria converts ammonia from dead
plants and animals and animal waste. Nitrogen,
which is released into the atmosphere
Nitrogen converters combine oxygen and nitrogen
to make nitrates. Ex. Lighting, bacteria in
the soil, algae in wet areas
Ammonia is a gas given off by dead plants and
animals waste
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Biomes are made up of ecosystems

• Each major biome includes climate range, and how
  well organisms have adapted.
• Organisms have specific structures, functions,
  and behaviors that enable them to survive the
  conditions of a particular biome

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Biomes

• Rainforest, deserts, temperate deciduous forests,
  grasslands, chaparral, temperate rain forest,
  taiga, and tundra

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Tiaga

• Located in the upper latitudes under tundra
• Cold winters and warm summers
• Home to conifers

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Rainforest

• The ecosystem of the rainforest is based on the
  most complex interdependence of plants and
  animals.
• Tropical rainforests help maintain global rain
  and weather patterns.
• Endangered because man is cutting them down at a
  record pace.

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Deserts

• Very dry
• Very hot during the day and cold at night
• Plant and animal life has adapted to the harsh
  conditions

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Temperate Deciduous Forest

• This region has four season
• Trees loose their leaves in the fall

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Grasslands

• They are big open area with very few bushes and
  trees along water
• Rich fertile soil

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Tundra

• Located at the top of the world
• Very short summers
• Permafrost located about 1 meter down

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Responses

• Plants respond to light by growing toward it or
  away from it (phototropism).
• Animals respond to cold conditions with a period
  of lowered metabolism (hibernation).
• Organisms may respond to adverse conditions with
  a period of lower or suspended metabolism
  (dormancy).

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DNA

• DNA is a double helix molecule.
• DNA is a molecule that includes four different
  components. The
• arrangement of these four components within
  the double helix
• forms a chemical code

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Chromosomes are strands of DNA.
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Genes are sections of a chromosome that carry the
code for a particular trait
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Every person has dominant and recessive genes
that determine the characteristics of their off
spring

• Punnett Square

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• Genotype are the internal inheritable code of
  traits
• Phenotype is the observable traits

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Inherited Traits

• Inherited traits...
• Rolling of the tongue
• Which arm you place on top when you cross your
  arms
• Attached earlobes
• Widow's Peak (hairline comes to a downward point
  in the middle)

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Non-inherited Traits

• Non-inherited traits...
• Table manners
• Politeness
• Attitude

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The basic laws of Mendelian genetics can explain
the transmission of some traits that can be
inherited from generation to generation

• Figure 2  Two traits (black/white and short/long
  hair, with black and short dominant) show a
  9331 ratio in the F2 generation. (Sshort,
  slong, Bblack, bwhite hair)(1) Parental
  generation. (2) F1 generation. (3) F2
  generation.Results  9x short black hair, 3x
  long black hair, 3x short white hair, 1x long
  white hair.

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Genetic engineering manipulates the genetic code
to obtain a desired product

• Genetic engineering has numerous practical
  applications in medicine, agriculture, and
  biology

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The mechanisms through which evolution takes
place are a related set of processes that include
mutation, adaptation, natural selection, and
extinction
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Mutations are inheritable changes because a
mutation is a change in the DNA code
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Adaptations are structures, functions, or
behaviors that enable a species to survive.
Adaptations are expressions of the organisms
genetic information
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A mutation may result in a favorable change of
adaptation in genetic information that improves a
species ability to exist in its environment of a
mutation may result in an unfavorable change that
does not improve or impedes a species ability to
exist in its environment
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The evidence for evolution is drawn from data
including the fossil record, radiometric dating,
genetic information, the distribution of
organisms, and anatomical and developmental
similarities across species
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Natural selection is the survival and
reproduction of the individuals in a population
that exhibit the traits that best enable them to
survive in their environment
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• If a species does not include traits that enable
  them to survive in its environment, or to survive
  changes in the environment, then the species may
  become extinct

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Each environment has a population that is
biodiversified
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WWWOOOWWW!!!!!!

• Now you are as smart as a 7th grader.