Yongqin David Chen (???)

1
Water Problems in China??????

• Yongqin David Chen (???)
• Department of Geography and Resource Management
• The Chinese University of Hong Kong
• Email ydavidchen_at_cuhk.edu.hk

2
Presentation Outline

• Characteristics of water resources in China
• Three major types of water problems in China
• Severe water shortage and water pollution
  problems in recent years
• Measures for alleviating the water shortage
  problems

3
Relatively large total but small per-capita amount

• Total annual renewable water resources 2812.4
  billion m3 (streamflow 2711.5 Bm3, groundwater
  828.8 Bm3, duplication subtracted)
• Total amount - No. 6 after Brazil, Russia,
  Canada, US, Indonesia in the world
• Per-capita amount - 2200 m3, only about 1/4 of
  the world average, ranked 109 in 149 countries
  and one of the 13 countries in severe shortage of
  water resources
• Water per unit area of farmland - 1888 m3/mu,
  about 80 of the worlds average

4
????????????
?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
104 km2 109 m3 ???? m3 ???? m3
?? 851.197 6950 1 42957 20 8660
??? 1707.540 4270 2 29047 31 2174
?? 936.352 3056 3 11609 56 1097
????? 190.457 2986 4 15254 49 11620
??? 997.061 2901 5 98462 8 4258
?? 960.000 2711.5 6 2239 121 1965
??? 0.069 2357 7 19571 44 18582
?? 328.759 2085 8 2228 122 837
???? 91.205 1317 9 60291 15 32518
???? 113.891 1070 10 30483 29 29648
?????????624 535 m3,????1?
5
???????????, ????????30
(m³/??)
?? ??3000m3 ???? 2000-3000m3 ????
1000-2000m3 ???? 500-1000m3 ????
??500m3
?????????
6
Highly uneven temporal and spatial distribution

• Monsoon-dominated climate causes very distinctive
  wet (Apr - Sep) and dry (Oct - Mar) seasons in a
  Water Year (1 April 30 March in Hong Kong)
• Seasonal variation of streamflow 60 from April
  to July in the South and over 80 from June to
  September in the North
• Interannual variation of streamflow ratio of
  maximum over minimum greater 10 in the North and
  less than 5 in the South
• From humid to arid a gradient from SE to NW

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• Why do many rivers across the country have
  flooding almost every year?
• Why does the Yellow River dry up in the middle
  and lower reaches in sequential years?
• Why has the groundwater table in the northern
  plain been dropping to a lower and lower level?
• Why has water shortage become a key factor in the
  socio-economic development in the northwestern
  China?
• Why is eutrophication so severe in many lakes,
  notoriously Taihu (??), Dianchi (??), and Chaohu
  (??), causing enormous threats to the security
  and safety of water supply in nearby cities?
• Why does the fisheries suffer from red tides so
  often in the Pearl River Estuary?
• Why is water supply seriously affected by
  salinity intrusion almost every winter in the
  Pearl River Delta region in recent years?

9
Three major types of water problems in China

• Flood and water-logging hazards - too much water
  (???? )
• Droughts and shortage of water - too little water
  (???? )
• Water pollution and degradation of aquatic
  ecosystems - too dirty the water (??????? )

10
???????????

• ???????????,???????????????,???????,?????????,????
  ?????????,????????????????,????206??1949??2155??,?
  ????????1092?,????1056??
• ??????,1990??????????????????GDP?????2,??????????
  ???,?1991??1994??1996??1998??,??????3-4?????????
  ??????0.03?0.22????????????GDP????????60?,????8?
  ?
• ?????????????????,??????????,???????????????????
  
• ????????????????,????????????????,??????????????,?
  ????????????????????????????????????????,????????,
  ??????,????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????1963?,?????????????

11
???????????

• ??????????????????????????(???????????)??,???????
  ???????????????,?????49?,?????????????????????,??
  ???,?????????????????,???1931??1954??1998??????191
  5??????1963??????1975????,??????????
• ???????????????????(?? 4-5?)?????(??7-8?) ?
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????,
  ?????,?????,????????????,???????????,?????????????
  ?,????,?????????????
• ?????? (1) ?????????????????? (2)
  ?????????????????????,??????,???????????,
  ??????,??????,??????,????,?????????????,?????????

12
????????????
13
Three Types of Water Shortage

• Water scarcity - northern and northwestern China
  (?????)
• Lack of engineering works and water supply
  systems - SW China (?????)
• Water quality constraints - most common in the
  developed regions (?????)

14
??????????
???????????5
?????1/3 ???lt200 mm?????5
15
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16
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• ??????19912009??,??8????????,???????????????6.09
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  000??????????3????? 2006????2007?????????????????
  ????2009-10???????????,?????????,??????????????
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17
?????????????,??????13??,??????200?????
???????????661???,?400?????,110????????
18
?1972??1998??27??,?21????????????1997?,???????????
????226?,?????????????,???704????????????1999?8?11
???????
??? ???? (????)
??????
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19
????????? (GB 3838-2002)

• ?????????????????????????????, ?????,
  ??????,??????,?????????,?????.

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20
2010??????????????????

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21
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22

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• (5)????????????? ?????????????????????????????,??
  ??????????,?????????????????????,?????????????????
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23
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??(salinity intrusion)

• ??(???????????),??????????????????,?????,?????????
  ??????,?????????????????????,????????????????????,
  ??????????????
• ??(????)??????,?????????????(?????)???(?????)????
  ???????????(CJ3020-93),?????????250
  mg/L(?250?)???????????250?????????????????????????
  ??200?,??????????300???????????????600??
• ????????????5000??/?,??????,???????????????????250
  ??????????,?????????,?????????????????????????????
  ????????????,????????,?????????????,??????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
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25
??????????

• ???????? ??????,??????,??????????,???????????????
  ????????
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  ,????????????????????????????????????????????,??
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  ??????,????????
• ???????????????? ????????????????,????????,??????
  ,???????????,?????????,?????????????

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Mega water resources projects in the new
millennium

• Quantity and quality of water are potentially
  renewable resources or resources with limited
  renewability (????) .
• China will continue to be a country in water
  shortage, especially as its population continues
  to grow. The per-capita amount of water will be
  only 1760 m3 in 2030 when the population will
  reach and hopefully stabilize at 1.6 billion.
• Structural and non- Structural measures to
  prevent floods and droughts, as well as to
  improve water environment

27
?????????????????????????
?? - ???? ??????,????????????(?????,????)?
??- ???? ?????????????,???????
????????? ?????????,???????20????
????? ????????,??????80????
??????? (Total Water Management) ????????
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????????????????????380480?m3,???????????????????
???,????????????????????,???????????
???????????????,??????????????,?????????,?????????
?????????????? ?????????????,?????????????,???????
?????????? ????????????,??????????
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Non-structural Measures

• Water resources and environmental legislation,
  regulation and management
• Water and climate simulation, forecasting and
  decision-support systems
• Integrated watershed management for land use
  planning and ecosystem protection
• Financial investment, insurance protection and
  education
• Research and advancement of hydrological science
  and engineering

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Thank You