Intro. to Behavioral Endocrinology, Third Edition

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Topic 10 Advanced Pituitary Hormones Hormones
and Social Behavior
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Myxedema is a disease caused by decreased
activity of the thyroid gland in adults and
characterized by dry skin, swellings around the
lips and nose, mental deterioration, and a
subnormal basal metabolic rate.
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Graves disease is an autoimmune disease. It most
commonly affects the thyroid, frequently causing
it to enlarge to twice its size or more (goiter),
become overactive, with related hyperthyroid
symptoms such as increased heartbeat, muscle
weakness, disturbed sleep, and irritability The
stereotypical protruding eyes are scientifically
referred to as proptotic eyes.
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Addisons Disease (aka chronic adrenal
insufficiency, hypocortisolism, or
hypocorticism) A rare endocrine disorder wherein
the adrenal glands produce insufficient steroid
hormones (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids)
. The lack of adrenal steroids is very
frequently a result of atrophy of the region of
the anterior pituitary that produces ACTH.
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Typical bronzing pigmentation seen in many
Addisons Disease patients.
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In Addison's disease the adrenal cortex is
inactive or damaged, resulting in decreased
production of cortisols, aldosterones and all
adrenal steroids.  Signs and symptoms include
weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
abdominal pain, decreased serum sodium, and
hypotension.  Diffuse pigmentation of skin and
oral mucosa typically occur.  Treatment
consists of replacement therapy with
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.  The
prognosis is good with appropriate therapy.
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Cushings Syndrome (aka hyperadrenocorticism or
hypercorticism)
a disorder caused by high levels of cortisol
(hypercortisolism) in the blood. Two major
forms Pituitary Cushings due to
hypersecretion of ACTH (often due to a
tumor) Adrenal Cushings due to hypersecrtion
of adrenal cortex hormones
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Cushings Syndrome is thought to dramatically
increase the risk for a person to
develop Metabolic Syndrome which is a leading
contributor to heart disease and diabetes.
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8.3 The pattern of oxytocin binding differs
between monogamous and polygamous male voles
The Prairie vole is a species that is socially
monogamous while the Montane vole is polygamous
in its reproductive behavior. This is reflected
in vastly different oxytocin binding activity
levels in various brain regions. These
differences appear around the age of weaning and
appears to be associated also with separation
behaviors. The Prairie vole pup, if isolated
will emit distress vocalizations, whereas the
Montaine vole does not.
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8.4 Infant titi monkeys receive most of their
contact comfort from their fathers
Fathers provide the majority of comfort behaviors
for the Titi Monkey.
An isolated Titi Monkey infant.
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8.6 Contact comfort in chicks is mediated by
opioids
Comfort responses (eye closing) will occur in
response to neural signals in the opiate
pathways. Naloxone, an opiod antagonist will
block the pathway.
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8.9 Two models of agonistic behavior
Agonist behavior is any social behavior related
to fighting, such as aggressive or submissive
behaviors. It explicitly includes behaviors such
as subordinance, retreat and conciliation .
The bars above show how the agonistic behaviors
can be thought of as a continuum in several
different ways.
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8.10 Seasonal changes in red deer stags
Stag refers to the male, and here we see how
there is a shift in the level of testosterone
which reflects interesingly on antler growth and
aggression in the male.
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8.12 Aggression in Siberian hamsters is high
when testosterone concentrations are low
This graph relates well to the article for Exam
3.
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8.13 The type and amount of aggression varies
during development (Part 1)
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8.14 Dispersal in male Beldings ground squirrels
This shows the pattern of dispersal seen in male
ground squirrels as they leave the material nest.
This process may take a moth or more to
complete and is often compared to human
parent/offspring scenarios.
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8.15 Perinatal exposure to androgens
masculinizes female beagles
Female beagles that receive androgens pre or
perinatally have a significant chance of
developing a pseudopenis. Female beagles exposed
in this fashion tend to be very aggressive. This
pathway in development may be similar to the
pseudopenis development pathway seen in the hyena.
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8.19 Seasonal changes in blood LH and
testosterone concentrations in house sparrows
(Part 1)
In this bird, there is a average rise in both LH
and Testosterone during the Spring and Summer.
Yet, if we look more specifically to breeding
effects.
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8.19 Seasonal changes in blood LH and
testosterone concentrations in house sparrows
(Part 2)
We see dramatic fluctuations that occur when
within different broods.
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8.20 Blood testosterone concentrations in birds
may reflect competition (Part 1)
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8.20 Blood testosterone concentrations in birds
may reflect competition (Part 2)
The western gull is a colonial species.
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8.21 Testosterone concentrations in the saliva
of female prisoners and their behavior
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8.22 Salivary testosterone concentrations among
men in six different occupations
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8.23 Components of the rat brain involved in
aggression
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