Biology-Chapter 1

1
Biology-Chapter 1

• The Nature of Life

2
(No Transcript)
3
Understanding Fossil Butte
Interest Grabber
Section 1-1

• In the southwest corner of Wyoming, there is a
  flat-topped mountain called Fossil Butte. A
  fossil of a fish was found near the top of Fossil
  Butte in a rock formation that is about 50
  million years old. Fossils of other kinds of
  fishes, as well as turtles, have been found at
  Fossil Butte. The land around Fossil Butte is
  dry, and the Pacific Ocean is more than 1000 km
  away. How could fossils of sea-dwelling animals
  have formed at Fossil Butte?

Go to Section
4
Interest Grabber continued
Section 1-1

• 1. Working with a partner, think of several
  questions that a scientist might ask in order to
  understand why there are fish fossils in the
  desert of Wyoming. Write these questions on a
  sheet of paper.
• 2. Discuss your questions with your partner, and
  suggest a possible answer to each question.
• 3. How could a scientist go about finding an
  answer to each of the questions?

Go to Section
5
(No Transcript)
6
Section Outline
Section 1-1

• 11 What Is Science?
• A. What Science Is and Is Not
• B. Evidence Based on Observation
• C. Interpreting the Evidence
• D. Explaining the Evidence
• E. A Scientific View of the World
• F. Science and Human Values

Go to Section
7
I. What is Science ?
A. The goal of science is to investigate and
understand the natural world,to explain the
events in the natural world ,and to use those
explanations to make useful predictions. 1.deals
only w/ natural world 2.uses systematic way of
collecting info-_________looking for patterns and
connections 3.__________________-propose
explanations that can be tested
Scientific method
hypothesis
8
B. Thinking like a scientist Usually begin
scientific thought w/ an ____________-gathering
info about events or processing in careful ,
orderly way-using senses ___________-info
gathered from observations..2 Types
observation
data
1.Quantitative-expressed by numbers by counting
or measuring
2. Qualitative --descriptive and involves that
which cant be counted
9
Thinking Like a Scientist contd

• _____________________________-logical
  interpretation based on prior knowledge or
  experience.eg.If the bacterial count in water
  collected a few places on the Potomac _at_ Fairview
  Beach is high w/ infectious forms ,you can infer
  that all the water in that area is contaminated.

Inference
10
Observation and Inference
Section 1-1
Statement Observation Inference
Object A is round and orange.
Object A is a basketball.

• Object A is a basketball.
• Object B is a table-tennis
• ball.
• Object C is a soccer ball.

Object C is round and black and white.
Object C is larger than Object B.
Object B is smooth.
Object B is a table-tennis ball.
Each object is used in a different sport.
Go to Section
11
C. Explaining and Interpreting Evidence-

• Hypothesize
• Test (experiment)
• Collect data
• Conclude

12
Mystery Worms
Interest Grabber
Section 1-2
A teacher collected some beetles from a rotting
log and placed them in a container of dry oatmeal
in her classroom. She kept the box covered with a
light cloth so that the beetles could not escape.
She also asked one of her students to add potato
and apple pieces once a week to provide food and
moisture for the beetles. After several weeks,
the student reported that there were some
strange-looking, wormlike organisms in the
container.
Go to Section
13
Interest Grabber continued
Section 1-2

• 1. Formulate a hypothesis that might explain the
  presence of the worms in the container.
• 2. How could you test your hypothesis?
• 3. Identify the variables in your proposed
  experiment. Identify the control in your
  proposed experiment.

Go to Section
14
Section Outline
Section 1-2

• 12 How Scientists Work
• A. Designing an Experiment
• 1. Stating the Problem
• 2. Forming a Hypothesis
• 3. Setting Up a Controlled Experiment
• 4. Recording and Analyzing Results
• 5. Drawing a Conclusion
• B. Publishing and Repeating Investigations
• 1. Needhams Test of Redis Findings
• 2. Spallanzanis Test of Redis Findings
• 3. Pasteurs Test of Spontaneous Generation
• 4. The Impact of Pasteurs Work
• C. When Experiments Are Not Possible
• D. How a Theory Develops

Go to Section
15
II. How Scientists Work-

• Our ideas and knowledge has evolved
  greatly---From Aristotle(2300 years ago),when
  living things were thought to be able to be
  produced from nonliving--_______________...to 400
  years ago when experimental science actually
  began

Spontaneous generation
16
A. Designing an Experiment-

• 1. Ask a _______________.
• Form a hypothesis examples__If_______,then_______
  ______________________.
• Redi made the hypothesis that flies produce
  maggots and set up his experiment as follows

question
17
3. Set up Controlled Experiment

• ________________-factors that change
• 1 variable _at_ a time to avoid confusion
• Variable deliberately changed is called
  _________________ variable or IV-_____________
• Variable observed and it changes in response to
  IV-Responding variable DV-_______________________
  _-usually a measured quantity
• _________________is kept the same/provides
  reliability to results

Variables
Manipulated/ independent
Responding/dependent
control
18
Figure 1-8 Redis Experiment on Spontaneous
Generation
HYPOTHESIS Flies produce maggots.
Section 1-2
OBSERVATIONS Flies land on meat that is left
uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
PROCEDURE
Uncovered jars
Covered jars
Controlled Variables jars, type of
meat, location, temperature, time
Several days pass
Manipulated Variables gauze covering that keeps
flies away from Meat (IV)
Maggots appear
No maggots appear
Responding Variable whether maggots Appear (DV)
CONCLUSION Maggots form only when flies come in
contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of
maggots did not occur.
19
Designing an experiment contd

• Record and Analyze Data-typically data table that
  translates into graph
• Draw conclusion Is the hypothesis supported or
  not?

20
B.Publish report Investigations

• Scientists read about and test one another's
  results
• What did Needham do differently than Redi?
  ___________________
• What did Spallanzi do differently than Needham?
  ______________________

Needham boiled contents.
21
Spallanzani boiled contents longer and sealed
contents.
22
Figure 1-10 Spallanzanis Experiment
Section 1-2
Gravy is teeming with microorganisms.
Gravy is boiled.
Flask is open.
Flask is sealed.
Go to Section
Gravy is free of microorganisms.
Gravy is boiled.
23
What did Pasteur do differently and what did he
prove?
Boiled broth would be free of microorganisms if
air could get in,but dust and other particles
left out---SPONTANEOUS GENERATION PROVEN WRONG !
24
C. When are experiments not possible?____________
For ethical or medical reasons-eg. Some studies
are done on volunteers
D. How a Theory Develops?----Results if
hypothesis is continually supported and evidence
builds up over a period of timeNOT an absolute
truth!
25
III. Studying Life-
Biology

• _________study of life
• A. Characteristics of Living Things
• 1-made up of ________-living matter enclosed by a
  barrier-smallest unit considered alive
• ____________-consists of only 1 celllike
  paramecium
• ___________made of more than 1 cell

Cells
unicellular
multicellular
26
Levels of organization
organs

• Molecular more than 1 atomC6H12O6
• Cellular
• Tissues-group of cells w/ particular function
• _________-group of tissues that work together to
  perform closely related function
• _________-group of organs that work together w/ a
  particular function
• Population-group of organisms of one type in a
  particular area
• __________-populations that work together in a
  defined area
• _________-community and nonliving surroundings
• Biosphere-Part of earth that contains all
  ecosystems

Organ system
community
ecosystems
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
Characteristics contd
DNA

• 2-Reproduction-sexually(2 parents) or asexually
  (1 parent)
• 3-_____-carries direction for heredityThere is
  an universal Genetic Code.
• 4-Growth and Development
• 5-Material use and Energy production-_____________
  combination of chemical reactions through which
  an organism builds or breaks down materials
• 6-Response
• ___________-signal to which an organism responds
• 7-Maintain Internal Balance-HOMEOSTASIS
• 8-Evolution

metabolism
stimulus
30
B-Branches of Biology
zoologists

• ____________-study animals
• ___________-study plants
• ______________-study ancient life
• Molecular and Cell Biologists study _at_ the small
  level
• Ecologists study the large units

botanists
Paleontologists
31
IV. Tools Procedures
A.________________-used when collecting data and
performing experimentsbase 10 systemrevised
version called SI-International System of
Units.see p. 24 for basic units and
abbreviations
Metric system
32
Metric system-SI UNITS
Length- 1 m100 cm1000mm 1000m1km
Mass-1 kg1000 g 1 g1000 mg 1000 kg 1 metric ton
Volume-1 L1000 mL1000 cm3(used in solid and medicine volumecc)
Temperature-0 Cfreezing water/100 C boiling point water
33
B. Analyzing Bio Data 1-tables
animal Respiration rate indoors Respiration rate outdoors
cat 15 breaths/min. 17 breaths/min.
bird 20 breaths/min. 22 breaths/min.
34

• convert tables to graphs

35
(No Transcript)
36
Making a Graph From A Data Table
Section 1-4
Water Released and Absorbed by Tree
Absorbed by Roots (g/h)
Released by Leaves (g/h)
20
Water released by leaves
Time
15
2
1
8 AM
10
Relative Rates (g/h)
10 AM
5
1
12 PM
12
4
5
4 PM
2 PM
6
17
Water released by leaves
9
16
0
6 PM
14
10
10 AM
12 PM
2 PM
4 PM
6 PM
8 PM
8 AM
10
3
8 PM
Time
Go to Section
37
3. Also computers-to directly transfer and
analyze data and computer modeling
38
Microscopes-produce magnified images of
structures that are too small to see

• _____-produces images by focusing visible
  light---up to 1000x.Compound Light
  Microscope-light passes through image and uses 2
  lenses/stains and dyes help highlight what is on
  slide
• ______-magnifies by focusing beams of
  electrons/helps w/ images smaller than .2
  micrometers/1000x more detailed than light
  version
• TEMs-_________________-shine beam electrons
  through specimen

Light microscope
Electron microscope
Transmission electron microscope
39
SEM-__________scan narrow beam back and forth
across surface of a specimen-often 3-D images
Scanning electron microscope
TEM
TEM image of bone tissue
40
SEM
bone
41
D. Lab Techniques-

• 1-_________-cell put in dish w/ nutrient
  solution/able to reproduce---tested for responses
  and interactions
• 2-_____________-separate different cell parts as
  in centrifuge-quickly spins and more dense parts
  _at_ bottom.
• E. Lab safety-see contract

Cell culture
Cell fractionation
42
(No Transcript)