Enzymes (Proteins)

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Enzymes (Proteins)

• Standards 1b, 1h, 4e, 4f,

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From the largest entity in the Universe to the
smallest entity that makes up all the matter in
the Universe
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Universe
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From the largest entity in the Universe to the
smallest entity that makes up all the matter in
the Universe

• Universe gt Galaxies gt Star gt
• (Milky Way) Solar
• 
  System
• (Sun)

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Universe
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Galaxies
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Stars
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Planets
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• Planet gt Organisms gt Organ gt
• (Earth) (Human Being) System
• (Digestive)
• 
  System

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Organisms
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Organ System
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• Organ gt Tissue gt Cells gt
• (Stomach) (Smooth) (Smooth)
• Muscle Muscle
  Tissue Cells

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Organs
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Tissue
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Cells
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• Organelles gt Macromolecules gt
• Nucleus (Organic Compounds)
• i.e. Protein
  (Enzymes)

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Organelles
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Organic Compounds
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• Atoms gt Subatomic gt Quarks gt
• Elements (Proton)
• Carbon (Neutron)
• (Electron)

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Atoms
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Subatomic
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Quarks
Neutron
Proton
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• gt Energy Strings ?
• String Theory ?

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Energy Strings?
Proton
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From the Simplest to the Most Complex

• Virus lt Bacteria lt Animal lt Plant
• Cell Cell
  Cell
• ? ?
  ?
• Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
• Cells Cells
• ? ?
• No Nucleus Have a Nucleus
  

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Standard 1h

• Students know most macromolecules
  (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins,
  lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized
  from small collection of simple precursors.

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Types of Macromolecules(Organic Compounds)

• Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) sugars
• Proteinas (Enzymes)
• Nucleic Acids (DNA RNA)
• Lipids (Fats)

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Types of Monomers

• Monosaccharides
• Amino Acids
• Nucleotides
• Fatty Acids

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Monomers That Make Up The Macromolecules

• Many Monosaccharide make up a Polysaccharide.
• Many Nucleotides makes up a Nucleic Acid.
• Many Amino Acids make up a protein (Enzyme).
• 3 chains of Fatty Acids attached to a glycerol
  molecule make up the lipids.

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Standard 1b

• Students know enzymes are proteins that catalyze
  biochemical reactions without altering the
  reaction equilibrium and the activities of
  enzymes depend on the temperature, ionic
  conditions, and the pH of the surroundings.

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Enzymes

• They are proteins that are made in the ribosomes
  of the cell, and are involved in speeding up the
  millions of chemical reactions needed to sustain
  life in living things.
• They help certain substrates (reactants) become
  products quickly, but do not become part of the
  products.
• They lower the activation energy of a chemical
  reaction.

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Factors that affect Enzyme Function

• Temperature
• pH
• Ionic conditions.

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Temperature
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Review Standards 8th Grade Physical Science

• pH scale 0 ?14
• pH lt 7 solution is acidic
• pH gt 7 solution is basic
• pH 7 solution is neutral

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Ionic Conditions
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Ionic Conditions at the Molecular Level
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Standard 4e

• Students know proteins can differ from one
  another in the number and sequence of amino
  acids.

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Standard 4f

• Students know why proteins having different amino
  acid sequences typically have different shapes
  and chemical properties.

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Amino Acid Abbreviation Abbreviation Letter
Alanine Ala A
Asparagine Asn N
Cysteine Cys C
Glutamine Gln Q
Glycine Gly G
Isoleucine Ile I
Leucine Leu L
Methionine Met M
Phenylalanine Phe F
Proline Pro P
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Amino Acid Abbreviation Abbreviation Letter
Serine Ser S
Threonine Thr T
Tryptophan Trp W
Tyrosine Tyr Y
Valine Val V
Aspartic Acid Asp D
Glutamic Acid Glu E
Arginine Arg R
Histidine His H
Lysine Lys K
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Insulin
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Insulin (Ribbon Form Structure)
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Human Growth Hormone
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