Biology

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Biology

• Chapter 21
• Kingdom
• Plantae

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Life on Land

1. Need protection from drying out
2. Need to exchange gases with surrounding air

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Life on Land

• Need a transport system
• Need to grow upright

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• Cuticles waxy layer that covers plant
• Spores can be formed

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Cuticles

• Helps prevent the evaporation of water from plant
  tissues

• Acts as a barrier to invading microorganisms

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• Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen diffuse through Pores
  in the cuticle

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Stomata

• Adaptations that enable the exchange of gases
  even with the presence of a cuticle on a plant

• Openings in the outer cell layer of leaves and
  some stems

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• Can transport nutrients two ways
• Osmosis and Diffusion
• Vascular tissues

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• Cells have rigid walls enabling them to grow
  upright

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Types of Plants

• Nonvascular no vascular tissues
• Vascular vascular tissues

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Nonvascular Plants

• Two Types Mosses and Liverworts
• Both have low resistance to drying out
• Green in color

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Nonvascular Plants

• Very small two to three inches tall
• Grow in clumps or dense carpets
• Found in shady, damp areas
• Help with Decomposing

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Mosses

• Feathery or velvety
• Thin leaf-like structures attached to a creeping
  stalk

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• Bryophyta

• Most familiar bryophytes are the mosses

• Structures that are similar to leaves

Rhizoids
Leafy stems
Carpet of moss
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• Produce root like, multicellular rhizoids that
  anchor them to soil or another surface

• Water and other substances move throughout a moss
  by osmosis and diffusion.

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Liverworts

• Look like moss but are flat and leathery
• Body is called a THALLUS

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Hepaticophyta

• Hepaticophytes are referred to as liverworts.

• Found in a variety of habitats

• Water, nutrients, and other substances are
  transported by osmosis and diffusion.

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• Most primitive of land plants

Leafy liverwort
Thallose liverwort
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Transport

• Use osmosis and diffusion
• Both have root-like structures called RHIZOIDS
• Anchor them to soil, wood, water

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Plant Life Cycle

• Two alternating generations, Alternation of
  Generations
• Gametophyte generation produces gametes, all
  cells are haploid
• Sporophyte generation produces spores, cells are
  diploid

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Plant Life Cycle
Young gametophyte
Sperm Egg
Haploid
Spores
Fertilization
Meiosis
Diploid
Zygote
Capsule
Young Sporophyte