Animal Science

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Animal Science

• Agriscience Applications

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Objective

• Investigate careers related to the field of
  animal science

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Careers in Agriscience

• Most entry-level jobs require a high school
  diploma
• 20 require college degrees
• Some careers require advanced degrees
• Veterinarian
• Highly technical task (embryo transfer)
• High school agriculture class is a good start

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Veterinarian
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Embryo Transfer Technicians
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Objective

• Examine tools related to the animal science
  industry

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Animal Science Tools

• Candling Light
• View the interior of eggs
• Castration tools
• Burdizzo
• Castrator
• Artificial Insemination
• Artificial vagina to collect semen
• Insemination straw for the disposition of semen
  into the female

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Egg Candling
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Egg Candling
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Ear Notching
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Animal Science Tools

• Management tools
• Dehorner
• Rectal thermometer
• Syringe for injections
• V notcher for identification of swine

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Animal Science Tools
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Objective

• Analyze the various breeds of beef, swine and
  poultry as related to use and the economic value
  of each

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Beef Breeds

• English Breeds (European, Bos taurus)
• Angus- black breed with excellent meat quality
• Hereford- red with a white face
• Shorthorn- used in the bloodline of more than 30
  other breeds

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Angus
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Beef Breeds

• Exotic Breeds (India, Bos indicus)
• Grow faster than English breeds
• Leaner meat
• Brahman, BeefMaster, Brangus

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Brahman
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Beef Breeds

• Breeds in America have been developed by crossing
  (breeding) English and Exotic Breeds from India
• Resulted in
• Increased heat tolerance
• Parasite (worms, lice) resistance
• Resist disease

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Dairy Breeds

• Holstein
• 90 of the dairy cattle in the US
• Black and white
• Leading producer of milk
• Produce about 18,000 lbs. Of milk per cow per year

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Dairy Breeds

• Other Breeds
• Guernsey- fawn and white
• Jersey- cream to light fawn to almost black
• Number one in milk fat
• Ayrshire-cherry red and white
• Brown Swiss- solid brown

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Holstein
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Jersey
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Swine and Poultry Breeds

• Objective Analyze the difference between swine
  and poultry

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Swine Breeds

• American Landrace
• Duroc
• Chester White
• Hampshire
• Yorkshire

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American Landrace
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Duroc
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Chester White
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Hampshire
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Yorkshire
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Swine Industry

• The swine industry has changed from the lard type
  hog to a lean type demanded by consumers today
• Types of operations
• Feeder-pig
• Market-hog
• Farrow to Finish

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• Farrow Giving birth to baby pigs
• Feeder Pig a weaned gilt or barrow weighing 40 -
  80 lbs at 6 - 8 weeks of age that is sold to be
  finished for slaughter.
• Finish Raising pigs to market weight 200-250
  lbs.
• Gilt A young female pig that has not had babies

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• Barrow A male pig that has been castrated
• Sow A female pig that has or has had babies
• Boar A male, uncastrated pig
• Shoat A young pig of either sex between 60-160
  lbs.

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Swine Industry

• Purebred producers produce high quality boars
• Improves the genetic make-up
• Purebreds are crossed with regular sows to
  increase hybrid vigor
• Hybrid Vigor The offspring has greater
  strength/potential than the parents.

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Poultry Production

• Classified as
• Broilers
• Layers
• egg producers
• White Leghorn are used mostly for egg production

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White Leghorn Rooster
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Poultry Industry

• Another Class of Chicken is the Bantam
• Miniature versions of standard breeds
• Primarily for show
• 90 of the turkeys grown are broad breasted whites

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Poultry Industry
Dutch Bantam Chicken
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Pop-Quiz

1. Provide an explanation for the term farrow.
2. What is the breed of cattle that leads in milk
   production?
3. What breed of cattle is know for producing the
   most milk fat?
4. What is the most common breed of laying chicken?
5. Describe the term hybrid vigor.

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Animal Nutrition

• Objective Determine the nutritional requirements
  for livestock and poultry breeds found in North
  Carolina

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Major Nutrients

• Water
• Protein
• Carbohydrates
• Minerals
• Vitamins
• Fats and Oils

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Water

• Largest component of all living things
• Animals tissue is about 75
• Regulates body temperature
• Perspiration
• Transports nutrients
• Involved in all biochemical reactions

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Proteins

• Major component of muscles and tissues
• Made up of amino acids
• Continuously needed to replace dying body cells
• Young animals need large amounts for growth

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Carbohydrates

• Composed of sugar and starches
• Provide energy and heat
• Make up 75 of most animal rations
• Main source
• Corn
• Cereal grains

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Minerals

• 15 essential minerals
• Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, etc.
• Example calcium is needed in poultry for
  eggshell development
• Minerals are supplied by
• Naturally
• Mineral supplements
• Mineral (lick) blocks

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Vitamins

• Needed in small quantities
• Need for vitamins varies from species to species
• Sources
• Naturally found in feed
• Feed additives made from animal by-products
• Made by the body itself

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Fats and Oils

• Only needed in small amounts
• Improves
• Flavor
• Palatability
• Texture
• Increases fattening and milk production
• Carriers of some vitamins

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Classes of Feed

• Concentrates
• Low in fiber
• Cereal grains
• Animal and Plant by-products
• Roughages (high fiber)
• Dry roughage is hay
• Green roughage includes pastures
• Silage is roughage fermented from green chop

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TDN

• Total Digestible Nutrients
• Concentrates are high in TDN
• Roughages are low in TDN

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Assignment

• Read pages 484 to 499
• Complete Self Evaluation page 499 and page 500
• Complete both section A and B

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Animal Digestive Systems

• Objective Compare animal digestive systems of
  beef, swine, and poultry

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Ruminants
Ruminant Digestive System
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Ruminants

• Cattle, sheep, goats, deer
• Four compartments to their stomach
• Can eat more roughage in their diet
• Grass
• Hay
• Silage
• Green Chop

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Parts of the Ruminant stomach

• Rumen-Largest compartment, where solids that are
  eaten go. Bacteria break down roughage here
• Reticulum- Where liquids that are eaten/drank go.
• Omasum-about 8 of the stomach
• Abomasum-true stomach

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Monogastric
Simple Digestive System
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Monogastric

• Swine, horses, rabbits, humans
• Stomach has one compartment
• Rations must be high in concentrates
• Grains
• Corn
• Animals can not digest large amounts of fiber or
  roughage

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Poultry

• Chickens
• Turkeys
• Ducks
• Geese

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Poultry

• No true stomach
• Can not store large amounts of food
• Birds do not have teeth for chewing
• Food is swallowed whole
• Stored in crop
• Ground up in the gizzard

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Pop Quiz

• Provide an explanation for the term farrow.
• What is the breed of cattle that leads in milk
  production?
• What breed of cattle is know for producing the
  most milk fat?
• What is the most common breed of laying chicken?
• Describe the term hybrid vigor.

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Pop Quiz

1. What nutrient is responsible for muscle growth?
2. What nutrient makes up 75 of most animals body?
3. What nutrient is made of sugar and starches?
4. What nutrient carries fat soluble vitamins?
5. What type of animal has four compartments to its
   stomach.