Environmental Science Chapter 4: The Organization of Life

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Environmental ScienceChapter 4The Organization
of Life
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The Organization of Life Big Ideas

• In an ecosystem, the biotic and abiotic
  components interact to form an interconnected
  system.
• Species adapt to their environment through the
  process of evolution by natural selection.
• Humans classify the diversity of life on Earth in
  order to better understand their relationships.

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Section 1 Ecosystems

• GOALS
• Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors in
  an ecosystem
• Describe how a population differs from a species
• Explain the importance of habitats

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What is Ecology?

• The study of interactions among organisms and
  between organisms and their environment.

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What is an ecosystem?
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Defining an ecosystem

• Ecosystem all the organisms living in an area
  together with their physical environment
• Forest Ecosystem
• Pond Ecosystem
• Vacant Lot Ecosystem
• Desert Ecosystem

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All Ecosystems are connected
How does your ecosystem impact the Atlantic Ocean?
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Parts of an ecosystem
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Parts of an ecosystem

• In order for an ecosystem to survive it needs
  five basic components
• Energy
• Mineral Nutrients
• Water
• Oxygen
• Living Organisms

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What are some parts of this ecosystem?
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If your are conducting a study of the
interactions of vegetation, animals, mineral
composition of the soil, and water levels in a
saltmarsh. You are studying the saltmarsh ___.
ECOSYSTEM
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors

• Biotic living once living parts of an
  ecosystem
• Plants, animals, bacteria, dead organisms, wastes
• Abiotic nonliving parts of an ecosystem
• Air, water, soil, sunlight, temperature

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What are some biotic AND abiotic parts of this
ecosystem?
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Pair and Share Activity
With a partner of your choice, create a table
that lists the abiotic and biotic things in this
classroom.
Abiotic Biotic

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Organizing Biotic Parts
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Smallest Unit

• Organism an individual living thing like you, a
  tree, a fox, a rose
• Species groups of closely related organisms that
  can mate produce fertile offspring like red
  foxes or black widow spiders, or grizzly bears

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Species

• Species groups of organisms that resemble each
  other in appearance, behavior, chemistry and
  genetic makeupable to reproduce
• 3.6 to 100 million species (1.4 identified)
• Mostly insects/micro
• Tropical forests

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Insects751,000

Known species1,412,000
Plants248,400
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Population

• Population all the members of the same species
  that live in the same place at the same time
• Field mice living in a corn field, grizzly bears
  of Yellowstone Park
• Members breed with one another, rather than with
  other populations

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Community

• Community a group of various species that live
  in the same place and interact with each other
• Pond Community
• Pineland Forest Community

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Giraffes, lions, zebras, hyenas, and all the
other living things of the Serengeti make up a(n)
___
COMMUNITY
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Habitat

• Habitat the place where an organism lives
• Organisms are well suited for their habitat

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Habitat

• Habitats provide an organism with
  resourcesanything an organism needs to survive
  and reproduce, including food, shelter, and mates

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Biosphere

• All parts of the Earth where life is found

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Section 1 Review

• Biotic are living factors in an ecosystem
• Abiotic are non-living factors in an ecosystem
• Biosphere is composed of ecosystems, ecosystems
  are composed of communities, community is made up
  of populations, populations are composed of
  species, species are composed of individuals
• Habitats provide organisms with the resources
  they need to survive

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Section 2 Evolution

• GOALS
• Explain the process of evolution by natural
  selection
• Explain the concept of adaptation
• Describe the process of resistance

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How have you changed (not just physically) since
you were a child?
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Change is one thing that is certain in
life. Change occurs in many ways -cultures
change -individuals change -species change
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Essential Question Youve read about the
diversity of living organisms on Earth (plants,
animals, protists, fungi, bacteria) How did
they get here?
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What is Evolution?
Change in the genetic characteristics of a
population over time!
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- biologists say that the environment exerts a
strong influence over which individuals survive
to produce offspring - the best suited (most fit)
organisms survive and reproduce - individuals
with certain traits are more likely to survive
and reproduce
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Natural Selection aka Survival of the
Fittest - the unequal survival and reproduction
that results from the presence or absence of
particular traits
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Evolution by Natural Selection 1-Organisms
produce more offspring than can survive 2-The
environment is hostile and contains limited
resources 3-Organisms differ in the traits they
have 4-Some inherited traits provide organisms
with an advantage (ADAPTATION) 5-Each generation
contains proportionately more organisms with
advantageous traits
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Natural Selection
Hammer Orchid
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Coevolution Process of 2 species evolving in
response to long term interactions with each
other
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Question
If natural selection concludes that all dogs are
closely related through a common ancestor, then
how come this Chihuahua and this Great Dane are
so different?
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Artificial Selection
Artificial selection refers to the process where
humans select organisms with certain traits to
breed.
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Resistance
Resistance occurs when humans expose organisms to
certain conditions/chemicals, and those organisms
become tolerant or immune to the conditions
over time.

• Examples
• Insects can become resistant to pesticides
• B. Bacteria can become resistance to antibiotics

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Section 2 Review

• Evolution by natural selection is the unequal
  survival and reproduction that results from the
  presence or absence of particular traits
• Adaptation increase an organisms chance of
  survival and reproduction in a certain
  environment
• Resistance is the ability of an organism to
  tolerate a particular chemical or condition
  designed to kill it

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Question What is your favorite organism(s) of
all time? Why?
This cats favorite organism is a frog.
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Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things

• GOALS
• Name the five kingdoms of organization and
  identify characteristics of each
• Explain why bacteria and fungi are important
• Describe the importance of protists in the ocean
  environment
• Describe the interdependence of angiosperms and
  animals
• Explain why insect animals are so successful

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Bacteria

• -single-cell, no nucleus
• -cell wall
• -reproduce by division
• -two types
• Archaebacteria (extremophiles)
• Eubacteria
• -most diverse common
• organisms on Earth
• -many important roles
• decomposers, recyclers, assist in digestion
• Examples?
• - E. coli, cyanobacteria

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Video Bacteria - The Good and The Bad
Link to video
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Video How Bacteria Talk
Link to video
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Airborne Bacteria Lab
-Bacteria are so important, that humans (and
many other organisms) would be extinct without
them. -The point of this lab is to review the
scientific method, and gain an appreciation for
how much bacteria we are surrounds by.
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Fungi

• -single cell, nucleus, cell wall, no chlorophyll
• -absorb food from around them
• decomposers feed on dead organisms
• Examples?

(Athletes foot, cheese, yeast)
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Protists
-many single-celled -very diverse, most live in
water -important role (algae/phytoplankton)? Exa
mples?
Diatoms, dinoflagellates, amoeba, paramecium,
amoeba, kelp
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Plants
-many cells, cell wall -photosynthesize -most
land dwellers -supply oxygen and food to much of
the world -gymnosperms (conifers) -woody
plants -seeds not enclosed in
fruits -angiosperms (flowers/fruits) -flowering
plants -produce seeds in fruit -important role?
Most land animals depend on flowering plants for
food
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Animals
-many cells -no cell wall -must take in
food -live on land or water
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Animal Types
-Invertebrates -no backbone
-Vertebrates -have backbone
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Insect Success
-waterproof external skeleton -move
quickly -reproduce quickly -most can fly -small
size -little food needed -hide
-insects plants coevolved -pollination
-eat plant pests
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Section 3 Review

• The five kingdoms are bacteria, fungi, protists,
  plants, animals
• Bacteria and fungi are decomposers, recyclers and
  help release nutrients
• Protists in the ocean are the primary source of
  food
• Most animals rely on angiosperms for food
• Insect animals are so successful because of their
  exoskeleton, size, agility, capacity to fly and
  hide

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The Organization of Life Big Ideas

• In an ecosystem, the biotic and abiotic
  components interact to form an interconnected
  system.
• Species adapt to their environment through the
  process of evolution by natural selection.
• Humans classify the diversity of life on Earth in
  order to better understand their relationships.