Environmental Pollution

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Environmental Pollution
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Objectives

• Man is one of the species who
  inhabit the earth.he is the only one who has
  interfered with various natural processes for use
  of both biological physical resources to meet
  his multiple demands,man has polluted all the
  three realms of the earth-lithosphere,hydrosphere
  atmosphere.it is essential for us to know about
  environment its pollution.
• In this presentation we will be able to know
  about-

• Primary secondary pollutants
• Acid rain
• Ozone depletion
• Green house effect
• Noise pollution

• Environment
• Biosphere
• Ecosystem model
• Atmosphere
• Atmospheric pollution

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Environment

• That which surrounds, the total sum of the
  condition of the surroundings within which an
  organism, or group, or an object,exists(including
  the natural as modified by human activity the
  artificial).

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Abiotic Environment
Atmosphere
Sea
Biotic Environment
Environment is the sum of biotic abiotic
component
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Atmosphere
Biosphere
The entire part of earth's land, soil, water
atmosphere in which living organism are found is
called biosphere Or The combined area
lithosphere, hydrosphere of atmosphere is known
as biosphere.
Biosphere
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Biosphere Model
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Biotic Component
Abiotic Component

Soil provides habitat including water air for
many invertebrates addition many animals have
evolved specialist cope with different soils for
example the feet of camel.
Ecosystem Model
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Atmosphere

• Our current atmosphere is a mixture of many
  different gases suspended particles. It is
  almost same every where up to an altitude of 80
  Kms.The atmosphere is divided in to 4 layers-

Name of sphere or layer Height in Kms. Temperature Important Chemical Species (Gas)
Troposphere 0-8 15 to 45 N2,O2,CO2, H2
Stratosphere 8-50 -55 to 05 O3,O2
Mesosphere 50-80 -2 to -90 N2O2
Ionosphere 80-400 O2,O,NO
Exosphere 400-1600 H2,He
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Composition of Atmosphere
Constituent Symbol Average concentration Source Volume
Nitrogen N2 780900 Biotic 7.809 101
Oxygen O2 209400 Biotic 2-094 101
Argon Ar 9300 Radioactive 9.3 10-1
Carbon dioxide CO2 318318 Biotic industrial 3.18 10-2
Neon Ne 18 Internal
helium He 5.2 Radioactive 5.2 10-4
Methane CH4 1.3 Biotic 1.3 10-4
Krypton Kr 1.0 Internal 1.0 10-5
Hydrogen H2 0.5 Biotic photochemical 5.0 10-5
Water H2O 0.25 Physical 2.5 10-5
Carbon monoxide CO 0.1 Photochemical industrial 1.0 10-5
Ozone O3 0.02 Photochemical 2.0 10-6
Ammonia NH3 0-01 Photochemical 1.0 10-6
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 0.001 Biotic industrial 1.0 10-7
Sulpher dioxide SO2 0.002 Photochemical 2.0 10-8
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Atmospheric Pollution
Is an unwanted change in the quality of earth's
earths atmosphere caused by emission of gases
caused by emission of gases due to burning of
fossil fuel,transportation,industrial institution
etc.
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Source Pollution
Transportation 42
Fuel 21
Industries 14
Solid waste disposal 05
Other 18
Transportation
Fuel
Industries
waste
Other
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Different Pollutants

• Gaseous waste Oxides of nitrogen,SO2,CO2,CO.Cl,Br
  ,I,O3 smog.
• Complex organic chemicals Benzene, ether.
• Acid prop lets H2SO4, HNO3
• Agrochemicals fertilizers, pesticides,herbicixles
  ,fungicides, rematicides,weedicides,bectrecides
  etc.
• Fluorides
• Metals Mercury,lead,Cd,Zn,Fe,Ni etc.
• Solid wasreGarbage,plastic etc.
• Radioactive waste Nuclear reacters,uranium,nuclea
  r explosion.
• Noise waste

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Classification of Air Pollutents

• Natural Pollutants The pollution which comes out
  from natural sources such as forest fires
  volcanic eruption decomposition of organic matter
  natural radioactivity.

Primary Pollutants Harmful chemical that
directly enters the air as a result of human
activity. These are deforestisation burning of
fossil fuel industrialization warfare etc.

• Secondary pollutants These result from chemical
  reactions between two or more air components.

Formation of
secondary pollutants 2SO2O2
2SO3 2SO3H2O
H2SO4 (Secondary pollutant)
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Solar radiation
Primary Pollutants
Secondary Pollutants
Volcano
Factory
Formation of secondary pollutents
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Environmental challenges

• Green house effect Increasing global
  temperature. Scientists predicting that earth's
  temperature will increase by 3-40C by year 2030
  if the pollution continues to increase at the
  same pace.
• Ozone depletion As ozone layer in the upper
  atmosphere absorbs incoming harmful ultraviolet
  radiation but it is now getting thinner more
  UVs are reaching in to earth creating different
  disease like cancer eye problems.
• Photochemical smog In 1952 London was covered by
  smog for 10 days .This smog was caused by fog,
  smoke, ash, SO2 plus NO2.Sunlight played a great
  role in the formation of this smog .Though deaths
  occurring at that time were not directly
  attributed to the smog later statistics confirmed
  that 6,000 more people.

Acid rain is caused by oxides of nitrogen
sulphur.It increases acidity of soil effects
the growth of trees plants. The majestic
monument Taj Mahal in India is also affecting by
this.
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Acid Rain
Solar Radiation
H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid) HNO3 (Nitric Acid)
Acid Rain
Factories, Transportation
Lake
Sea
SEA
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Green House Effect
Methane Carbon Dioxide Nitrous
oxide Ozone

Carbon Dioxide 50
Methane 18
Chlorofluorocarbons 14
Ozone 12
Nitrous oxide 06
Earth
This natural balance may be distorted by Green
House Effect as gases such as carbon dioxide have
built up in the atmosphere trapping more heat
Green house gases in natural condition insulates
the earth against extreme of temperature by
limiting both incoming solar radiation escape
of reradiated heat in to space.
Contribution of different gases to cause green
house effect
Less reradiated heat escapes in to space
Some reradiated heat escapes in to space
sun
sun
sun
More reradiated heat reflected back to earth
Infra-red radiation
Some reradiated heat reflected back to earth
Surface Temperature increases
Surface Temperature normal
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
Unbalanced Green House Effect
Naturally Moderated Green House Effect
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Ultraviolet Radiation
NO Nitric Oxide
O2 Molecular Oxygen
O Atomic Oxygen
HNO3 Nitric Acid
O3 Ozone
PANs Peroxyacyl nitrates
Aldyhydes (e.g. Formaldehyde)
Photochemical Smog
Formation of Photochemical Smog
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Ozone layer depletion
Ultraviolet rays from Sun
Chlorofluorocarbons are entering in to
atmosphere releasing chlorine. The chlorine than
break down the ozone
The Ozone layer in stratosphere blocks these
harmful UV rays
Oxygen
Whole in Ozone layer
chlorine
The chlorine released from CFCs break down the
ozone molecule.
More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to
earths surface as there is a whole in ozone layer.
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Noise pollution

• This era has rightly been called as the era of
  noise.because heavy industrialization we are
  exposed to a high level of noise all around us.
  Noise has become a very important stress factor
  in modern life.it leads many health hazards.Some
  of the sources of noise pollution are
  aircraft,automobiles,factories,loudspeakers pop
  Rock-n-Roll music in clubs
• . Noise produces following health
  problems-
• 1)Auditory fatigue
• 2)Deafness or impaired vision
• 3)Rise in blood pressure, pulse
• rate
• 4)Headache
• 5)Nausea
• 6)Disturbed sleep
• 7)Emotional disturbances

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SOUND INTENSITY
High Approximate 80db
Pleasant below than 80dB
Very High above than 100db
Heavy Traffic
Quit Conversation
Jet take off
Loudspeaker
Loud Conversation
Ticking Clock
Quit Raining
Sports car
Space vehicle launch
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Noise Source their Intensity
Noise Source Noise Scale Noise Source Noise Scale
Breathing 10db Traffic noise 60-90db
Winds in trees 20db Sports car 80-90db
Quit conversation 20-30db Heavy truck 90-100db
Ticking clock 10db Motor cycle 105db
House in quiet street 35db Thunder storm 110db
Radio music 50-60db Beat music (Electrically amplified) 120db
Loud conversation 60db Air craft noise 90-120db
Office noise 60db Jet take off 120db
Children play 60-80db Jet engine 140db
Lawn mower 60-80db Space vehicle launch (From a short distance) 140-170db
Vacuum cleaner 80db
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Conclusion
We know that certain environmental conditions
like air,water, food are essential for man,s
survival.apart from their availability their
quality quantity must be assured according to
man,s natural acquired capacity for sustenance
progress in industrialization has brought
environmental hazards such as air water noise
pollution.These have caused many health problems
diseases. As it has been said-
we do not inherit the environment from our
forefathers,we borrow it from future generation.
Stockholm conference of 1972
proclaims that The protection improvement
of human environment is a major issue which
affects the well being of people economic
development throughout the worldit is duty of
all governments people to common efforts for
the preservation improvement of environment for
the benefit of all people their prosperity