Title: Environmental Pollution and Protection in China
1Environmental Pollution and Protection in China
2State of Pollution by 1997 (Edmonds, 1999)
- Water pollution
- The seven major river systems have been badly
polluted. - Ground water and coastal regions are polluted to
various degrees. - Air pollution
- All major Chinese city centres have SO2 emission
levels which exceed legal limits. - NOx emission due to automobile traffic also
exceed safety levels in city centres.
3State of Pollution by 1997 (continued)
- Intensification of agriculture and the growing
TVEs has increased pollution outside cities. - Chemical fertilizer and pesticide usage continues
to climb. - Chinas fertilizer usage per hectare is twice the
world average. - Rural industrial wastes accounts for 38 of total
sold wastes, 7 of industrial waste water, and
56 of industrial dust.
4State of Pollution by 1997 (continued)
- Domestic waste
- Rubbish in urban areas contains inorganic matter
at levels similar to those in developed counties. - However, rubbish treatment technology may be
lagging behind.
5E-Waste of China (Tong and Wang, 2004)
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9More about E-waste
- http//www.crra.com/ewaste/ttrash2/ttrash2/
10Population and Environment of China (Banister,
1998)
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12Air Pollution and Mortality (Brajer and Mead,
2004)
- Data
- Pollution and population figures for 38 Chinese
cities. - Pollution data are mostly from annual
environmental report posted on the Internet by
municipal environmental protection bureaus.
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14Environmental cost of water pollution in
Chongqing (Vennemo et al., 2001)
- The waters of Chongqing are widely polluted
- Almost half of the rivers are heavily or severely
polluted by 1996. - Major pollutants coliform bacteria, ammonia,
oil, and other organic pollutants, and heavy
metals. - Causes of pollution industrial waste water,
urban sewage, waste, soil erosion, and
atmospheric deposition.
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17Environmental Kuznets Curze (De Groot et al.,
2004)
- Environmental Kuznets Curve
- A hump-shaped relationship between per capita
income and pollution.
18Waste water (1982-97)
19Waste gas (1982-97)
20Solid Waste (1982-97)
21EKC (Shaw et al.)
22EKC between per capita income and SO2
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24EKC between per capita income and TSP
25EKC between per capita income and API (Air
polution index)
26Anti-Pollution Institution and Policies (Vermeer,
1998)
- State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA)
- A nation-wide control network built in the 1980s
- Partly supported by foreign project funding
- Employees doubled between 1985 and 1995 to 88,000
people. - Very limited power TVEs hardly monitored
inspection is uneven and infrequent.
27State Capacity and Environmental Protection
Enforcement (Schwartz, 2003)
- Measures of State Capacity
- Human capital related to environmental education
- Fiscal strength
- Per capita income
- Funds related to environmental protection
- Reach/responsiveness
- Media development
- Compensation for pollution accidents
- Complaining about pollution
28- Measures of Enforcement
- Enforcement effectiveness is measured by the gap
between emission targets (set by the central
government) and actual emissions.
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30Pollution Enforcement in China (Wang and Wheeler,
2003)
- Data
- Around 3,000 heavily polluting firms in China in
1993. - Self-reported pollution
- Actual pollution levy
31Chinas Pollution Levy System
- The idea of a pollution charge system was adopted
in 1978. - By 1982, 27 of 29 provinces in China established
some pollution levy system. - Process
- Self-reporting
- Verification and collection of levies by local
environmental authorities. - Effective levy rates vary significantly across
Chinese provinces.
32Water Pollution Levy Rate in 1993
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36Wastewater Charge
37Air pollution charge
38Total Charge
39Distribution of Effective Pollution Levies
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42Inspection, Pollution Prices, and Environmental
Performance (Dasgupta et al. 2001)
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