The Road to Independence

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The Road to Independence

• Unit two
• Chapter Four

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A graphic illustration of how tensions b/c
England and its American colonies intensified
from 1619 to 1763.
England Stations Perma-nent Army
Procla-mation of 1763
Cost of French and Indian War
French and Indian War
Appointed Governors
Navigation Acts
Elected Assemblies

• Great
• Migration

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F I war ends

• Strained Colonial Relations
• British felt that Colonists didnt pull their
  weight.
• Americans were shocked at how bad the British
  military tactics were.
• Americans strong beliefs
• Loss of respect of the British military.
• Did not believe the British shared the same
  values as the Americans and did not treat them
  with the respect they deserved as British
  subjects.

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Salutary Neglect Ends

• Mercantilism
• Governments policy to be richer, stronger, and
  larger than any other nation through trade and
  commerce.

• Colonies important in this
• Supplied raw materials
• Had few industries of their own
• What does this mean for GB?
• Ready market for GB goods

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Trade and taxes

• 2 types of taxes GB imposed on America
• Direct
• Tax levied directly on individuals by the govt
• Indirect
• Tax hidden in price of item

• Colonies were part of the Triangular Trade Route
• Took rum from the colonies from Africa, slaves
  from Africa to West Indies, molasses from West
  Indies to America.

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Why did GB tax the Colonies so much???

• 1 - GB had huge war debt.
• 2 - Many in GB felt colonists should be
  responsible for much of the debt b/c the war was
  fought to protect them.

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Reasons why, cont.

• 3 - GB felt they needed to exercise stricter
  control over the upstart colonies.
• 4 - GB wanted to insure own market, while ending
  competition in the colonies from other European
  nations.

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So how else can we show them we are boss?

• Tax the heck out of them!!!!
• How might the new policies upset the colonists?
• Are taxes the only thing that are bothering the
  colonists???

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Taxes and Tensions Mercantile
LawsProvisions Results

• None since they were not really enforced

• Restricted colonial export of a certain
  manufactured good.
• Banned immigration of skilled GB workers to
  colonies.

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Taxes and Tensions Navigation
ActsProvisions Results

• Began list of enumerated commodities (made in
  Amer, shipped only to GB)
• Tobacco, cotton, indigo sugar
• Goods had to be carried on GB or colonial built
  ships

• Rarely enforced
• GB attempted to create monopoly
• no competition from colonists or other countries.

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Taxes and Tensions Molasses
ActProvisions Results

• Heavy tax on sugar to colonies from anywhere
  except British West Indies
• Needed molasses for rum production!

• Rarely enforced
• Some smuggled in from France

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Taxes and Tensions Proclamation of 1863
Provisions Results

• Ended all settlement west of Appalachian Mts.
• Sent troops to enforce.

• Protests
• We fought for the land.
• Pontiacs Rebellion
• Ohio Valley
• Indians attack encroaching colonists

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Issues behind the Revolution
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Issues Behind the Revolution

• British Pass Proclamation of 1763
• protest the closure of lands, some ignore, send
  troops to patrol lands
• British Pass Sugar Act 1764
• written protests, occasional boycotts, repealed
  in 1766, No Taxation Without Representation
• British pass Stamp Act 1765
• protests turn violent, Stamp Act Congress,
  boycott all British goods, sons of liberty,
  nonimportation
• British pass Quartering Act 1765
• colonial legislatures refused to provide for
  troops
• New York Assembly suspended for refusal

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More Issues

• Declaratory Act 1766
• colonists continued to protest taxation w/o rep.
• Townshend Acts 1767
• Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania by John
  Dickinson, boycott British goods cutting trade
  in Half, repealed in 1770
• British Govt removes governors and courts from
  colonial control, Committee of Correspondence
• Burning of the Gaspee
• Boston Massacre
• Tea Act 1773
• Boston Tea Party , Things get rough

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And More Issues

• Coercive Acts 1774 (Intolerable Acts)
• The Port Bill
• closed port of Boston until Tea is paid for
• Massachusetts Government Act
• British take over all government function
• not allowed to hold town meetings w/o permission
• Quartering Act (New)
• no more camps, redcoats living in homes
• Administration of Justice Act
• British customs officials and officers could not
  be tried in the colonies, General Gage appointed
  Gov.

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Effects of the Intolerables

• Boycotts organized
• EX Homespun clothes, not GB wools
• Non-importation agreements
• Wont buy GB goods!
• Songs and Daughters of Liberty
• Protest with organized resistance
• Effigies
• Dummies hung from liberty trees

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Tar and Feather
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Stamp Act Congress

• Oct. 1765
• 9/13 colonial legislatures sent delegates to NY
• Drew up resolutions
• Organized boycott

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Boston Massacre March 5, 1770

• Crowd 50 or 60
• Threw
• Sticks, snowballs, rocks at Redcoats outside
  Customs House.
• Soldiers opened first
• Killed 5
• Including Crispus Attucks - slave

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First Continental Congress

• Sep. 1774 Philly
• 56 Delegates, 12 Colonies
• Wrote to King George demanding
• 1. Repeal of Coercive/Intolerable Acts
• 2. Rights to life, liberty and property
• 3. Rights for colonial legislatures

• Agreed to
• Support each other
• Carry on/increase boycotts
• Est. militias stockpile weapons!

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The Shot Heard Round the World!

• April 19, 1775 . It starts!
• 700 GB soldiers sent to Concord to destroy
  weapons
• Led by Gage
• Sons of Liberty sent Paul Revere, Samuel Prescott
  Dawes (40 others) to warn of GB approach.

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The shot heard round the world!

• Lexington and Concord
• British reached Lexington met by 70 minutemen
• 8 colonists killed, 10 wounded, 1 GB soldier
  wounded.
• Colonists disperse.
• March on Concord
• Find little gunpowder
• On way to Boston, attacked by minutemen.
• 250 GB and 100 Amer killed

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Second Continental Congress

• Olive Branch Petition Ben Franklin
• Set up a United Defense
• Continental Army
• Approved Washington as Commander

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Fighting For Independence

• British Strengths
• Well equipped and disciplined army.
• Strong navy.
• Help from ____________.
• Loyalists
• British Weaknesses
• Unpopular war.
• Unknown and hostile land.
• Unfamiliar fighting tactics.

• American Strengths
• Home field advantage.
• Determination
• Guerrilla warfare.
• American Weaknesses
• Inexperienced and disorganized military.
• Needs help from abroad.

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Progression of the Revolution

• Major Battles and their significance

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Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker HillNY

• May 1775
• Green Mtn. Boys from Vermont attacked and
  captured fort full of British supplies.

• June 1775
• Americans occupied hill in Boston
• 3 GB attacks up hill led by Thomas Gage
• Gentlemans war
• Amer lost on 3rd attack, but still moral victory
• GB 40 casualties

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December 1775

• George III hires Hessians
• Colonists are divided
• Patriots, Loyalists, Neutral

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But its not just about physical war

• Common Sense
• Book by Thomas Paine
• Spread the idea of breaking away from England
• It is common sense that we should rule ourselves
  instead of being ruled by a small
  Kingdom one whole ocean away!

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Who else is influencing the colonists?

• John Locke
• natural rights
• Govt is for the good of the people
• Social contract

• Baron de Montesquieu
• Ditto to Locke
• 3 branches of govt

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The Declaration of Independence
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More

• August 1776 NYC
• 32,000 GB soldiers take and hold NYC for next 7
  years
• GB offers pardons to American army
• Washington refuses and retreats

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Dec. 1776 Trenton, NJ

• Christmas night
• Washington crosses Delaware River and attacks
  1300 Hessians
• Surprise attack! Kill/capture 1,000
• Victory boosts Patriots!
• Doctors found note on Johan Rall (Hessian leader)
  warning of attack not even opened!

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American problems

• Congress couldnt tax
• Wealthy merchants loaned
• Lack of soldiers
• Planting season
• Fighting in area only
• Lack of supplies
• Needed aid from French
• Ben Franklin went to smooze

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Sep/Oct 1777 Oct 1777Brandywine
Saratoga, NYGermantown, PA

• GB victories that led to capture of Philly
• 2nd Continental Congress fled
• GB later evacuated city to concentrate on NYC

• Important American victory
• GB attempted to split colonies in half
• Turning point!!!
• Led to French alliance
• Patriots began to believe they could win

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Winter 1777/8 Sep 1780Valley Forge,
PA Capture of
Benedict Arnold

• Winter encampment of American Army
• 10,000 soldiers
• ¼ died from
• Lack of food, cold, frozen feet amputated, lack
  of shoes, smallpox
• Washington used time to train
• Unbeatable!

• Trusted general served under GW
• Wounded at Saratoga
• Milit Gov of Philly
• Tried to give GB fort at West Point
• Notes intercepted
• Escaped, fled on the Vulture
• Joined GB, moved back

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Oct 1780 Oct 1781Fighting in South
Yorktown, VA

• French ships jeopardized GB blockade of Amer
  ports
• Kept GB from arriving on coast
• GW attacked Cornwallis with help of French led by
  Marquis de LaFayette
• GB surrenders!!!

• Gen Cornwallis switched tactics and decided to
  attack from the south thru S and NC
• Support of loyalists
• Planned to march to VA and meet up with GB, to
  split USA in half.

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Section 5 Winning Independence

• American Hardships
• Financing the War.
• Disruptions in Trade.
• Blockade
• Profiteering
• Inflation
• Treaty of Paris (1783)
• British recognize U.S.A. as an independent nation
• Land borders
• Return Florida to Spain

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Causes and Effects of the American Revolution

• Effects
• Colonies declare independence.
• British surrender at Yorktown.
• British recognize American independence.
• U.S. borders extend to Florida and Mississippi
  River.
• United States Constitution is adopted.

• Causes
• Proclamation of 1763 stops colonists from moving
  west.
• Parliament taxes colonies to pay British war
  debts.
• Intolerable Acts set up harsh rule in
  Massachusetts.

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