PART I THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

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PART I THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

• The locomotor system includes bones,joints
  and muscles.

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Chapter 1 Osteology (Bone System) Section 1
General Description

• ??Classification of Bones
• According to their shape,four kinds of
  bones are classified.Those are long,short,flat
  and irregular bones.
• 1 Long Bonesa shaft or body and two ends or
  extremities. Epiphyses and epiphysial cartilage.
• 2 Short Bones
• 3 Flat Bones
• 4 Irregular Bones
• In addiction, sesamoid bone.

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• ??The Structure of Bones
• Bones consist of bony substance, periosteum
  and bone marrow, and are abundant in blood and
  nerve supply.
• 1 Bony substance the compact or dense bone
  and the cancellous or spongy bone
• 2 Periosteum
• 3 Bone Marrow the red marrow and the yellow
  marrow
• 4 The blood and nerve of bones

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• ?? The Chemical Composition and Physical
  Properties of Bones
• The organic component ? resilience and
  toughness
• The inorganic component ? hardness and rigidity

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• ?? The Functions of Bones

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Section 2 The Bones of Trunk

• include the vertebrae, the sternum, and the
  ribs.

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?? The Vertebrae

• Number child
  adult
• Cervical vertebrae 7 7
• Thoracic vertebrae 12 12
• Lumbar vertebrae 5 5
• Sacral vertebrae 5 1
• Coccygeal vertebrae 34 1

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(?) General Features of the Vertebrae

• vertebral body
• 1. ? vertebral foramen
• vertebral archpedicles and laminae
• seven processes, viz.,
• four articular and two transverse
• processes and a spine
• 2.intervertebral foramen

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• Structure of vertebrae

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(?) The Main Characteristics of Vertebrae in Each
Region

• 1 The cervical vertebrae (7 in number)
• a. transverse foramen
• b. bifid spines (except the first and the
• seventh)
• The C1 known as the atlas.
• The C2 known as axis.
• The C7 known as vertebra prominens.

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• Cervical vertebrae

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• Atlas and Axis

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2 The thoracic vertebrae (12 in number)

• a. costal facets (on each side of their bodies
  and on their transverse processes )
• b. sloping caudaward spines

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• Thoracic vertebrae (sup. view)

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• Thoracic vertebrae (lat. View)

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• 3 The lumbar vertebrae (5 in number)
• a. large body
• b. horizontal quadrilateral spines
• 4 The sacrum
• promontory ?sacral hiatus? sacral cornua or
  horns
• 5 The coccyx

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??The Ribs (Costae)

• 1 costal bone head, neck and body ? costal
  groove
• 2 costal cartilage

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• ??    The Sternum
• Manubrium
• sternal angle
• body
• xiphoid process

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• Sternal angle