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Natural Science 2. Secondary Education
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The movements of animals
Involuntary movements

• These occur in the internal organs.
• An example is the beating of a heart.

The movement of the heart pumps blood around the
organism.
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Natural Science 2. Secondary Education
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The movements of animals
Voluntary movements

• These are carried out by the locomotor system.
• They allow an animal to move from one place to
  another.

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Natural Science 2. Secondary Education
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The movements of animals
The locomotor system in invertebrates with no
exoskeleton

• The muscles form part of the walls of the body.
• By contracting them, the animals shape changes
  and it can move.

1 When squids muscles relax, water enters its
body.
2 When muscles contract, shooting out water, the
animal is propelled backwards.
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Natural Science 2. Secondary Education
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The movements of animals
The locomotor system in arthropods

• Their muscles are connected to the internal side
  of the articulated exoskeleton.

2 When these muscles contract, they pull on
parts of the exoskeleton (in this case, the
wings), enabling the animal to move from one
place to another.
1 Arthropods muscles are connected to the
exoskeleton.
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Natural Science 2. Secondary Education
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The movements of animals
The locomotor system in echinoderms

• Their muscles are associated with a system of
  tubes and ampullae (sacs) full of water knows as
  the ambulacral system.

Tube foot
1 The pressure on the ampullae pushes the tube
feet out of the animals body.
2 The starfish moves.
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Natural Science 2. Secondary Education
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The movements of animals
The locomotor system in vertebrates

• Their muscles are anchored to parts of the
  internal skeleton.

2 The limbs move, and so does the animal.
1 The muscles contract and pull the bones.
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Natural Science 2. Secondary Education