Relationships in Nature

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Relationships in Nature
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What is symbiosis?
Literal definition the act of living together

• What it means
• Two organisms that live together
• Temporarily or for a longer time
• At least one of the organisms benefits from the
  relationship
• Three relationships mutualism
• 
  commensalism
• 
  parasitism

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Mutualism

• Relationship between two organisms of different
  species in which each member benefits
• Neither can survive without the other
• Example
• Tickbirds and rhinos
• Clownfish sea anemone

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Examples of Mutualism

• Tickbirds perched on a black rhinoceros get food
  and help the rhino get rid of pests

http//i.l.cnn.net/cnn/2007/US/09/25/onion.rhino/a
rt.rhino.onion.jpg
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More Examples of Mutualism

• One kind of flagellate lives in the guts of
  termites and digests the cellulose in the wood
  that the termites eat. Without the protozoa, the
  termites could not completely digest the
  cellulose.

http//
biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Images/Protis
ts/giardia-trph.jpg
http//www.nature.com/embor/journal/v7/n9/images/7
400785-i7.jpg
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More Examples of Mutualism

• Some types of fungi grow on the roots of plants
  and release an acid that changes minerals in the
  soil into forms that plants can use.

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More Examples of Mutualism

• You and a species of bacteria that lives in your
  intestines benefit each other! The bacteria get a
  plentiful food supply from you and in return you
  get vitamins that the bacteria produce.

https//www.storesonlinepro.com/files/1840124/uplo
aded/DIGESTIVE20SYSTEM20JPEG.jpg
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More Mutualism Examples

• The living corals near the surface of the water
  provide a home for the algae. The algae produce
  food through photosynthesis that is used by the
  corals.

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What does mutualism mean?
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Give three examples of mutualism. 1.
2. 3.
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Commensalism

• Relationship between two organisms of different
  species in which one derives benefit without
  harming the other
• Neither will die if relationship is ended
• Example
• Shrimp sea cucumber

http//www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/symbiosis.ht
m
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Examples of Commensalism

• Barnacles attached to a gray whale gain a home
  and transportation to areas with food while
  leaving the whale unaffected.

www.bigsurcalifornia.org/ images2/graywhl.jpg
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Examples of Commensalism

• Remoras hitch a ride and feed on scraps of food
  left by sharks. The remoras benefit from this
  relationship while sharks are unaffected.

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Examples of Commensalism

• The Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) is often
  found in pastures holding horses and cattle. As
  the livestock graze, insects are stirred up by
  their movement and this provides nourishment for
  the egrets.

http//search.msn.com/images/results.aspx?qCattle
EgretformQBIR
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More Examples of Commensalism

• The Great Burdock (Arctium lappa) has spines
  on the seeds that curve upward which allow the
  seeds to attach themselves on the fur of passing
  animals. The plant benefits by having its seeds
  disperse in a large area and the animals are
  really not affected.

http//www.greenpapaya.org/downloads/2008/03/burdo
ck.png
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More Examples of Commensalism

• Orchids receive more sunlight for photosynthesis
  if they grow high on tree branches. The orchid
  plants are helped by the tree. The tree gets
  nothing in return from the orchids.

tree-species.blogspot.com
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What is commensalism?
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Give three examples of commensalism. 1.
2. 3.
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Parasitism

• A symbiotic relationship between two organisms of
  different species in which one organism benefits
  and the other is harmed.
• The organism that benefits is called
• the parasite.
• The organism that is harmed is called the host.
• Causes harm to host

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Parasitism (cont.)

• The parasite gets nourishment from its host,
  which is weakened in the process. Sometimes a
  host organism becomes so weak that it dies.
• Some parasites, such as
• ticks, live outside the
• hosts body.
• Other parasites, such as
• tapeworms, live inside
• the hosts body.

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Examples of Parasitism

• The flagellate parasite, Giardia Lamblia,
  lives in the digestive tracts of humans and other
  vertebrates causing diarrhea and severe stomach
  cramps. Giardia live in water and hikers may
  drink the infected water.

http//liberty.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/images/stream.g
if
http//liberty.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/images/stream.g
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More Examples of Parasitism

• A louse on a human scalp receives nourishment
  from the blood and causes a rash or irritation.

www.sciencemusings.com
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More Examples of Parasitism

• A female wasp lays eggs in the caterpillar. When
  the eggs hatch they eat the caterpillar alive!

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More Examples of Parasitism

• A flea uses the blood of the rabbit for
  nourishment.

www.arun.gov.uk
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More Examples of Parasitism

• Lampreys attach to fish causing sores.

dnr.wi.gov
www.sprol.com
www.cfb.ie
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What is parasitism?
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Give three examples of parasitism. 1.
2. 3.
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Resources Cites

• The American Heritage Student Science Dictionary
  published by Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.
• AGS General Science published by American
  Guidance Service, Inc., 2001.
• Biology, An Everyday Experience published by
  Glenco McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2003.
• Life Science published by Holt, Rinehart and
  Winston, 2005.
• Photos downloaded from various sites using the
  search engine, www.Google.com