http://www.edheads.org/activities/brain_stimulation/

1
Brain Spinal Cord

• http//www.edheads.org/activities/brain_stimulati
  on/

2
Protection of CNS

• Bone
• Blood-Brain Barrier
• least permeable capillaries in body (allows only
  water, glucose, and a.a. to pass thru)
• Useless against fat-soluble molecules (alcohol,
  nicotine, anesthesia, etc)
• CSF
• Ventricles - 4 chambers filled w/CSF
• CSF surrounds exposed surfaces of CNS, cushions
  and supports, transports nutrients, chemical
  messengers and waste products
• Meninges series of layers covering CNS
• Protects against shock, infection, friction
• Delivers O2 and nutrients to meninges, 3 Layers
• Dura Mater
• Outermost, Tough fibrous layer
• Fused to periosteum of skull
• Subdural space lymph fluid
• Arachnoid
• Subarachnoid space - CSF
• Pia Mater
• Bonds to underlying neural tissue
• Extensive circulatory supply

3
Main Parts of the Brain

• Cerebral Hemispheres
• Diencephalon
• Brain Stem
• Cerebellum

4
Cerebral Brain Structures

• Gyrus elevated ridges
• Sulcus shallow groves
• Fissure deep groove that separates large
  regions of the brain (ex. Longitudinal fissure
  separates L/R hemispheres)

5
Cerebral Structure

• Cerebral cortex - gray matter
• Cerebral White matter nerve fibers
• Corpus Callosum connects the cerebral
  hemispheres
• Ganglia Bodies islands of gray matter

6
Cerebral Cortex

• Primary sensory, motor, and association cortex
• Sensory
• initial site for conscious sensation
• Motor
• conscious control of skeletal muscles (damage
  causes paralysis)
• Association
• Integrates all sensory inputs allowing conscious
  perception and planning of responses
• Cognition attention, language, social behavior
  and other higher processes

7
Cerebral Hemispheres

• Frontal Lobe
• Parietal Lobe
• Temporal Lobe
• Occipital Lobe

8
Frontal Lobe Functions

• Reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movements,
  emotions, problem solving
• 4 functionally distinct areas
• Primary motor cortex (most posterior)
• Arousal/motivation (medial frontal)
• Social behavior (orbital frontal)
• Language comprehension (inferior lateral)
• Working memory (dorsolateral)
• Brocas Area ability to speak

9
Parietal Lobe Functions

• Posterior to central sulcus
• Integrates sensory information (sensory
  homunolculi)
• Visual spatial processing
• Calculating, writing, right/left orientation
• Naming and word recognition
• Drawing

10
Temporal Lobe

• Auditory Perception
• Receptive component of language
• Declarative and visual memory
• Emotions
• Olfactory area
• Area of Wernicke speech area

11
Occipital Lobe

• Primary visual cortex
• Responsible for visual processing

12
Diencephelon (Interbrain)

• Thalamus
• Relay station and controls sensory inputs to
  cerebral cortex
• Acts w/brainstem to control state of arousal
• Participates in coordination of movements
• Hypothalamus (floor)
• Homeostasis regulation, body temperature,
  appetite, thirst
• Control of autonomic nervous system
• Regulates secretion of hormones including control
  of pituitary gland
• Epithalamus (roof)
• Houses pineal body
• CSF is formed here

13
Brain Stem

• 3 Parts
• Midbrain
• Reflex centers for vision and hearing
• Pons
• Bridge fiber tracts
• Nuclei involved in control of breathing
• Medulla Oblongata
• Merges w/spinal cord
• Fiber tract area
• Regulates hr, bp, breathing, swallowing, and
  vomiting
• RAS (Reticular Activating System) gray matter
  thru brain stem controls consciousness and
  wake/sleep cyles

14
Cerebellum

• Coordination and accuracy of complex movements
  and balance
• Procedural memory

15
The Spinal Cord

• Controls spinal reflexes
• Diameter decreases as it descends
• Except at cervical enlargement
• And lumbar enlargement
• Central canal filled w/ CSF
• Gray matter glial cells, cell bodies of neurons
• Horns extend out into horns
• White matter myelinated and unmyelinated axons
• Ascending tracts sensory info to brain
• Descending tracts motor commands to spinal cord

16
What is the general name that describes the pons,
medulla and midbrain?

1. Diencephalon
2. Cerebellum
3. Cerebrum
4. Brain stem

17
In terms of volume, the largest part of the brain
is

1. Diencephalon
2. Cerebellum
3. Cerebrum
4. Brain stem
5. Frontal Lobe

18
Which lobe is primarily responsible for
somatosensation?

1. Frontal Lobe
2. Parietal Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital Lobe
5. Cerebellum
6. Brain Stem

19
Which lobe contains the primary visual cortex?

1. Frontal Lobe
2. Parietal Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital Lobe
5. Cerebellum
6. Brain Stem

20
Damage to which lobe can produce disruptions to
social and emotional behavour?

1. Frontal Lobe
2. Parietal Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital Lobe
5. Cerebellum
6. Brain Stem

21
The auditory cortex is found in the

1. Frontal Lobe
2. Parietal Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital Lobe
5. Cerebellum
6. Brain Stem

22
The fluid found in the brain's cavities is called
______ this principally protects the brain from
______.

1. Cerebrospinal fluid external pressure
2. Cerebrospinal fluid infection
3. Ventricular fluid external pressure
4. Blood infection and external pressure

23
The _________________ serves as a protective
filter that regulates the entrance of certain
substances into the brain from the bloodstream.

1. Meninges
2. Bone
3. Gray matter
4. White matter
5. Blood-brain barrier

24
What is the primary function of the cerebellum? .

• coordination of complex muscular movements
• coordination of endocrine and nervous responses
• control of digestion, circulation, and breathing
  movements
• center of consciousness

25
You just finished running and your heart rate is
fast as is your breathing. The part of the brain
controlling basic body functions such as heart
rate and blood pressure is the _______.

1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Spinal cord
4. Medulla Oblongata

26
The thalamus is responsible for which of the
following functions?

1. connection between speech and hearing
2. motor coordination
3. control of many of the endocrine glands
4. integration and relay of information

27
The primary functions of the spinal cord involve
__________.

1. intelligence and memory
2. reflex actions and communication between the
   brain and spinal nerves
3. controlling muscle activity and maintaining
   balance
4. speech, smell, taste, hearing and vision