Levels of Cellular Organization

1
Levels of Cellular Organization

• 6th Science
• 2011

2
Unicellular vs. Multicellular

• Unicellular One celled organism. They must
  perform all activities within one cell. NO
  TISSUES, ORGANS, OR SYSTEMS!!

3
Multi-cellular Organisms

• Multi-cellular Organisms made of more than one
  cell. The cells work together to make tissues,
  organs, and organ systems.

4
Unicellular vs. Multicellular

• Similar
• Carry on all 7 characteristics of life.
• Have the same MAIN cell parts as multi-cellular
  organisms. Mitochondria, vacuole, ER, nucleus,
  ribosomes, chloroplast, golgi bodies, etc. Except
  nucleus in Arachebacteria and Eubacteria
• Different
• Cells in multi-cellular organisms have a specific
  job. Unicellular organism must carry on all 7
  characteristics of life in one cell.
• 2. Multi-cellular organisms have tissues,
  organs, and organ systems. Unicellular organisms
  DO NOT.

5
(No Transcript)
6
Levels of Cellular Organization
7
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• -Cells work together to form tissues

Cardiac cells
Muscle tissue
Cardiac organ
epithelial tissue
Bone cells
Bone
8
Levels of Organization

• Tissue- group of similar cells working together

9
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• Tissues work together to form organs

10
Levels of Organization

• An organ is a structure that contains at least
  two different types of tissue functioning
  together for a common purpose

Skin- epithelial-connective-nerve
11
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• -Organs work together to form organ systems

Arteries veins
Circulatory system
heart
Cartilage tendons
Skeletal system
bones
12
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• -Organ systems work together to form
• the whole organism

Skeletal system
Whole organism
Circulatory system
Muscular system
13
(No Transcript)
14
Levels of Organization

• Cells that work together to do the same job form
  tissues
• Tissues that work together to do the same job
  form organs
• Organs that work together to do the same job form
  systems
• Systems work together to form the whole
  multi-cellular organism

15
4 Types of Tissues

• Epithelial SKIN!!
• Function Covers the outside of the body and
  lines the inside of your body!!
• Your skin is the largest organ in your body!

16
4 Types of Tissues

• Connective ligaments, cartilage, blood, and
  bone
• Function fills in space and connects other
  tissues together support, protects, nourishs and
  insulates organs.

RBC
Bone
WBC
17
4 Types of Tissues

• Muscular Smooth and skeletal muscles
• Function - contrasts and relaxes to allow
  movements makes up some organs

Smooth
Skeletal
18
4 Types of Tissue

• Nervous nerves(makeup brain and spinal cord)
• Function transmits messages through the body

19
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• Multicellular organisms Have specialized cells to
  perform specific jobs
• The shape of the cell is designed for its job

Red blood cells
Nerve cells
Liver cells
Cardiac cells
20
As you know, all living things are made of cells.
We have looked at two types of cells
Typical LEAF Plant Cells NOT root, stem or
flower!!!!
Typical SKIN Cells not nervous, muscle, bone,
etc
But not all plant cells are rectangular and not
all animal cells are circular!!!!!!!!!
21
Form Fits Function

• The shape of the cell is designed for its job

Nerve Cells
Onion skin cells
22
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Function Provide gas exchange between blood
and environment.
Cell Smooth muscle Tissue Smooth muscle Organ
Lungs nose
23
Digestive System
Function Breakdown and absorb nutrients that
are necessary for cellular respiration.
Cell smooth muscle cells Tissue smooth muscle
tissue Organs stomach, liver, gall bladder,
small intestines, large intestines
24
Smooth MUSCLE TISSUE
Notice the Shape Smooth muscle cells are tube
shaped to contract smoothly TO MAKE UP YOUR
ORGANS (STOMACH, KIDNEYS, INTESTINES, ETC)
Why do you think these cells need to be able to
contract smoothly?
These are smooth muscle cells. Draw it into your
notes.
25
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
Organs where Smooth Muscle tissue can be found
are
Organ Systems where Smooth MuscleTissue is found
Stomach, intestines, blood vessels, esophagus,
trachea, other organs.
Digestive System
Other organ systems directly dependent on Smooth
Muscle Tissue Respiratory, Reproductive
26
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Function carries messages back and forth
between the spinal cord and the brain and every
other part of the body.
ORGAN Brain spinal cord
TISSUE - NERVOUS
CELL This is a nerve cell called a neuron.
Draw it into your notes.
Notice the shape. It is shaped like a wire to
carry electrical messages to and from the brain.
27
Nervous Cells

• Nervous cells are shaped like wires to carry
• electrical impulses.

28
NERVOUS TISSUE
Organs where nervous tissue can be found are
Spinal cord
Neurons
Nerves
Brain
29
NERVOUS TISSUE
Other organ systems directly dependent on Nervous
Tissue
Circulatory System
Muscular System
30
Red Blood Cells

• Red Blood Cells have a space or hole in the
  middle to carry oxygen. Why do organisms need
  oxygen?

31
White Blood

• Function Shaped like a blob to engulf foreign
  objects in the blood.

Why do red and white blood cells look different??
32
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Function Circulates blood throughout your body
which carries important nutrition and oxygen for
your cells.
CELLS - These are red blood cells called
erythrocytes. Draw one into your notes.
Notice the shape. It has a hole in the center
because it doesnt have any organelles so it can
hold more oxygen. It is also very flexible. Why
do you think that would be important?
33
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
This is a white blood cell called a leucocyte.
Draw it into your notes.
Notice the shape White blood cells are shaped
like blobs to gobble up bacteria like Pac-man.
Both these blood cells along with platelets make
up BLOOD. Blood is a tissue. Why?????
RBC
WBC
34
Circulatory System

Cell TISSUE Cardiac Muscle, RBC WBC
These are cardiac muscle cells in cardiac muscle
tissue . Draw it into your notes.
Notice the shape. Banded for strength and
quickness so your heart can pump the blood
through your body. Why do you think these cells
need to be strong and able to contract quickly?
35
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
Organs where Cardiac tissue can be found are
Organ Systems where Cardiac Tissue is found
Heart ONLY
Circulatory System
36
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Organ Systems where BLOOD Tissue is found
The Circulatory System is responsible for
delivering oxygen and food to all the cells in
the body.
Circulatory System
Other organ systems directly dependent on Blood
Tissue ALL OTHER SYSTEMS
37
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TISSUE Connective, nervous, and muscular.
Organs heart and blood vessels.
38
CIRCULATRY SYSTEM
Heart and blood vessels
Does blood support, protect or connect?
39
SKELETAL SYSTEM
FUNCTION Provides support for the body and
protects organs
CELL -This is a bone cell. Draw it into your
notes.
This big hole is where tiny nerves run through.
Does bone support, protect or connect?
Notice the shape. It has tiny holes called pores
to make the bone lightweight but strong.
40
Bone Cells

• Bone cells are circular and stack on each other
  to make the bone strong.

41
Muscle Cells

• Muscle cells look like rubber bands that contract
  when they get the impulse from the nerve.

42
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Other organ systems directly dependent on Bone
Tissue
Organs Bones Tissue Connetcive
Bones
Skeletal System
Muscular System
43
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Cartilage and Fat are also Connective Tissues.
What do they do?
Fat
Cartilage
Protects
Protects
44
MUSCLE SYSTEM
Function moves and connect your bone
Cell Skeletal Muscle Tissue Skeletal
Muscle Organs Muscles
45
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Notice the ShapeSkeletal muscle cells are banded
(striped) to contract quickly, tube shaped to
contract smoothly TO MOVE YOUR BONES!!!!!!!!
Why do you think these cells need to be able to
contract quickly and smoothly?
These are skeletal muscle cells. Draw it into
your notes.
46
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Organs where skeletal muscle can be found are
Organ Systems where Skeletal muscle is found
Muscular System
Muscles
Other organ systems directly dependent on Cardiac
Muscle Tissue SKELETAL SYSTEM
47
Smooth MUSCLE TISSUE
Notice the Shape Smooth muscle cells are tube
shaped to contract smoothly TO MAKE UP YOUR
ORGANS (STOMACH, KIDNEYS, INTESTINES, ETC)
Why do you think these cells need to be able to
contract smoothly?
These are smooth muscle cells. Draw it into your
notes.
48
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
Organs where Smooth Muscle tissue can be found
are
Organ Systems where Smooth MuscleTissue is found
Stomach, intestines, blood vessels, esophagus,
trachea, other organs.
Digestive System
Other organ systems directly dependent on Smooth
Muscle Tissue Respiratory, Reproductive
49
Skin

• Function Flat to stack on each other and
  protect the body.

50
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Function forms a protective layer for outside
of the body (skin) and lines hollow spaces
(mouth, ear, nose, etc.) and organs.
This is a epithelial (skin) cell. Draw it into
your notes.
Notice the shape. It is thin and flat to fit
together like tiles on a floor to shield the
cells underneath.
51
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Organs where epithelial tissue can be found are
Stomach lining
Mouth lining
Lining of the intestines and blood vessels
MOST IMPORTANTLY IT MAKES UP THE ORGAN SKIN. THE
ORGAN SYSTEM IS SKIN.
52
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Organ Systems where Epithelial Tissue is found
Other organ systems directly dependent on
Epithelial Tissue
Digestive System
Circulatory System
53
PLANT TISSUES
Plants are also made up of cells. These cells
form tissues and organs just like animals.
There are three basic organs in any plant. These
organs are the roots, the stem and the leaves.
Each one is made up of tissues that perform
different functions to keep the plant alive.
54
Leaf

• Function Hard brick to stack on each other and
  make the plant stand up. The vacuole pushes
  against the cell wall.

55
PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Stems support the above ground parts of the
plant. Transports food and water between the
leaves and the roots.
Stems help the other two types of plant organs by
holding the leaves up so they can receive maximum
sunlight. Stems also transport water from the
roots to the leaves and transport food from the
leaves to the roots.
56
PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Stems are made up of two (2) types of tissue
xylem and phloem
These are xylem cells. Draw them into your notes.
Notice their shape. Xylem cells are shaped like
tubes to carry water and minerals in an upward
direction from the roots to the leaves.
FUNCTION Carry water and Minerals to rest of
plant.
57
PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Stems are made up of two (2) types of tissue
xylem and phloem
These are phloem cells. Draw them into your
notes.
Notice their shape. Cells are shaped like
straws to carry food made in the leaves all over
the plant.
FUNCTION Carries food to rest of plant from the
leaves.
58
PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS ROOTS
FUNCTION absorb water and minerals from the
soil, anchor the plant and store food made in the
leaves.
Roots provide stems and leaves with water and
minerals. Roots absorb the water and minerals
from the soil
59
PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Roots are also made up of two (2) types of
tissue xylem and phloem
This is a root in cross section. Draw it into
your notes.
Xylem are the cells in the middle. Phloem are
the cells around the outside. Xylem and Phloem
have the same function in the root.
Root in Cross Section
60
PLANT TISSUES AND ORGAN LEAVES
FUNCTION Leaves trap light and make food for
the plant through the process of photosynthesis.
This is a leaf cell. Draw them into your notes.
Notice the Shape Leaf cells are rectangular for
strength. They are also thin and flat to expose
the chloroplasts to sunlight.
61
PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Leaves trap light and make food for the plant
through the process of photosynthesis.
Mesophyll the middle layer where photosynthesis
takes place. Cuticle waxy layer, prevents water
loss.
This is a leaf in cross section.
62
Skeletal System Function Provides shape and
support, protects organs, and produces red blood
cells.
Organ Bone Tissue Connective Cell Bone
Cell
63
Muscular System Function Contracts and allows
the body to move
Organ Muscle Tissue Muscle Cell Smooth
Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and Skeletal Muscle
64
Circulatory System Function Delivers food and
oxygen to the body cell and carries carbon
dioxide out.
Organs Heart, veins, and arteries Tissue
muscle and nerve Cell red blood cell and white
blood cell
65
Digestive System Function Breaks down food
for our body to use for energy
Organs Stomach, Small Intestines, Large
Intestines, gall bladder, pancreas Tissue
smooth muscle Cell smooth muscle cell
66
Skeletal System Function Provides shape and
support, protects organs, and produces red blood
cells.
Organ Bone Tissue Connective Cell Bone
Cell
67
Muscular System Function Contracts and allows
the body to move
Organ Muscle Tissue Muscle Cell Smooth
Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and Skeletal Muscle
68
Circulatory System Function Delivers food and
oxygen to the body cell and carries carbon
dioxide out.
Organs Heart, veins, and arteries Tissue
muscle and nerve Cell red blood cell and white
blood cell
69
Skin Function Protects the body and your
organs
Organ Skin Tissue Epitheleal Cell Skin
70
Endocrine System Function Regulates varies
body functions(hormones)
Organs hypothalmous Tissue smooth
muscle Cell smooth muscle
71
Excretory System Functions Removes liquid
and solid wastes from the body
Organs kidney, colon, spleen Tissue smooth
muscle Cell smooth muscle
72
Reproductive System Function Produces male
and females sex cells
Organs testes and ovaries Tissues smooth
muscle Cell smooth muscle cells
73
(No Transcript)