Title: Systematics
1Systematics
2Biological System of Taxonomy
corn
vanilla orchid
housefly
human
Plant
Anthophyta
Monocotyledonae
Asparagales
Orchidaceae
Vanilla
V. planifolia
3Fig. 26-3
Species Panthera pardus
Genus Panthera
Family Felidae
Order Carnivora
Class Mammalia
Phylum Chordata
Kingdom Animalia
Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Bacteria
4Fig. 26-3a
Class Mammalia
Phylum Chordata
Kingdom Animalia
Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Bacteria
5Fig. 26-3b
Species Panthera pardus
Genus Panthera
Family Felidae
Order Carnivora
6Systematics forming groups showing evolutionary
relationship.
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
- Name Genus species Homo sapiens
7How to remember?
8How to remember?
- Did Do Dumb
- King Kings Kids
- Philip Play Playing
- Come Chess Catch
- Over On On
- For Fine Freeways
- Good Grained Get
- Spaghetti? Sand? Squished
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10Fig. 26-4
Species
Order
Family
Genus
Pantherapardus
Panthera
Felidae
Taxidea taxus
Taxidea
Carnivora
Mustelidae
Lutra lutra
Lutra
Canis latrans
Canidae
Canis
Canis lupus
11Fig. 26-21c
EUKARYA
Dinoflagellates
Land plants
Forams
Green algae
Ciliates
Diatoms
Red algae
Amoebas
Cellular slime molds
Euglena
Trypanosomes
Animals
Leishmania
Fungi
12Our group
Universal Common Ancestor ?
13Fig. 26-22
Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea
4
3
2
1
0
Billions of years ago
14Fig. 26-23
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
15Fig. 26-23
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
16Phylogenies Ancestral trees showing
relatedness Along a lineage for a group or
species
A Common ancestor for mammals
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18What is a species?
- Species, simply means a kind or appearancein
Latin. - Still used this way in chemistry
- In Taxonomy, species is the most unique grouping
in the hierarchy.
19Species
- Based on Herbals, full page lists of characters.
- Binomial system Homo sapiens,
- Linnaeus (1700's) based on a type specimen,
called the Holotype, with a complete description
in Latin.
20Herbal
Holotypes
21Biological Species Concept
- Not a definition proper
- Based the ability to sexually reproduce thus
sharing a common genepool and evolution. - Species are groups of interbreeding natural
populations that are reproductively isolated from
other such groups.
22Scientific names
- Always in Latin, italicized
- Genus capitalized, species not
- Underline names only for handwritten work, not
print. - In publications, author is include to
distinguish form older, or other names - Umbellularia californica (Hook Arn)Nutt
23Fig. 26-5
Branch point (node)
Taxon A
Taxon B
Sister taxa
Taxon C
ANCESTRAL LINEAGE
Taxon D
Taxon E
Taxon F
Common ancestor of taxa AF
Polytomy
24Applications of phylogenies
- What whale meat is being consumed in Japan?
- 13 samples of whale meat taken from Japanese fish
markets. - Used Mitochondrial DNA comparisons from meat to
known published species samples - Lines in red show relations to illegal whale meat.
25Fig. 26-6
RESULTS
Minke (Antarctica)
Minke (Australia)
Unknown 1a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Minke (North Atlantic)
Unknown 9
Humpback (North Atlantic)
Humpback (North Pacific)
Unknown 1b
Gray
Blue (North Atlantic)
Blue (North Pacific)
Unknown 10, 11, 12
Unknown 13
Fin (Mediterranean)
Fin (Iceland)
26Fig. 26-16
Lizards and snakes
Crocodilians
Ornithischian dinosaurs
Common ancestor of crocodilians, dinosaurs, and
birds
Saurischian dinosaurs
Birds
27Fig. 26-17
Front limb
Hind limb
Eggs
(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs
(b) Artists reconstruction of the dinosaurs
posture
28Fig. 26-17a
Front limb
Hind limb
Eggs
(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs
29Fig. 26-17b
(b) Artists reconstruction of the dinosaurs
posture
30Fig. 26-19
- Molecular clock in mammals based on seven proteins
90
60
Number of mutations
30
0
120
90
60
30
0
Divergence time (millions of years)
Green dots 3 primate species (slower to change)
31Fig. 26-20
0.20
0.15
Computer model of HIV
Index of base changes between HIV sequences
0.10
Range
0.05
0
1960
1940
1920
1900
1980
2000
Year