Biology 2900 Evolution and Systematics

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Biology 2900Evolution and Systematics

• Systematics (text Chapters 1, 2, 14 in part)

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• In 1848 an Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia
  longicauda) was shot in what is now Centennial
  Park, Sydney, Australia. The mounted specimen was
  sent to John Gould by the Australian Museum he
  illustrated the specimen in his supplementary
  volume of The Birds of Australia and returned the
  specimen in 1861. This is the only Australian
  record of the species.

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• Systematics
• Study of (evolutionary) biological diversity
  kinds, diversity, interrelationships,
  biogeography, taxonomy

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• Classification
• Process of ordering organisms into groups result
  of such ordering
• Taxonomy
• Theory and practice of classification
• Taxon
• Formally named and classified group
• Nomenclature
• Procedures for applying formal names to groups

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• Carl von Linné (1707-78)
• Swedish botanist
• Proposed nomenclatural system
• based on binomen
• ( genus and species names)

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TRADITIONAL NAMES AND CLASSIFICATION

• Unique binomen for species within hierarchy (e.g.
  species-genus-family-order)
• Brassicaceae (family)
• Braya (genus)
• longii (species)

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Meadow vole

• Rodentia (order)
• Muridae (family)
• Arvicolinae (subfamily)
• Microtus (genus)
• pennsylvanicus (species)
• terraenovae (subspecies)

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CODES OF NOMENCLATURE

• International Code of Virus Classification and
  Nomenclature (ICVCN)
• International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
  (ICTV, of Virology Division of International
  Union of Microbiological Societies) (to species
  excludes strains, variants, isolates, etc.)
• International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
• International Committee on Systematic
  Bacteriology

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• International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
  (St. Louis Code)
• Adopted by Sixteenth International Botanical
  Congress (1999)
• International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
  International Commission on Zoological
  Nomenclature (ICZN) official body responsible
  for providing and regulating the system for
  ensuring that every animal has a unique and
  universally accepted scientific name

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• ICZN based on principle of priority, starting
  with Linnaeuss X edition of Systema Naturae
  (1758)
• First published name is formally accepted name
• Other later names junior synonyms

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• Ring seal described and named in 1775 publication
  by Schreber as Phoca hispida
• Later this species was described and formally
  named in other publications, including
• 1820 Nilsson (as Phoca annellata)
• 1943 Anderson (as Phoca beaufortiana)
• The latter two names are junior synonyms

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• Therefore the proper scientific name for the ring
  seal is Phoca hispida
• More formally this can be written as
• -- Phoca hispida Schreber, or
• -- Phoca hispida Schreber 1775
• Many scientists place the ring seal in a
  different genus (Pusa) with closely related
  species. Then the name is
• -- Pusa hispida, or
• -- Pusa hispida (Schreber)
• -- Pusa hispida (Schreber 1775)

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• Q Explain the following name for harp
  seal Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben 1777)

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SYNONYMY DUE TO LIFE-STAGE CONFUSION

• Juvenile fish found dead, May 1982
• Formally named by Smith Heemstra (1983) as
• Xanthichthys punctatus
• Outrigger triggerfish (Balistidae)

Xanthichthys punctatus Smith Hemstra 1983
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• 2nd (moribund) juvenile found May 1994
• Given to aquarists
• 4 years later ? adult of previously described
  species
• Therefore X. punctatus is junior synonym

Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus Randall, Matsuura,
Zama, 1978
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SYNONYMY DUE TOSEX CONFUSIONWILLIAMSONS
SAPSUCKER
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• John Cassin (1813-1869)
• Ornithologist born and died in Pennsylvania
• Never visited West
• 1852 published description of new woodpecker
  species from Eldorado Co., California
• -- Picus thyroideus
• Female specimen (study skin) in Academy of
  Natural Sciences (Philadelphia)

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• John Strong Newberry (1822-1892)
• Army surgeon-geologist in railroad survey mission
• Collected woodpecker near Klamath Lake, Oregon
• Published description in 1857
• -- Picus williamsonii
• Named after his commanding officer Lt. Robert
  Stockton Williamson
• Male specimen (fluid-preserved), deposited in
  United States National Museum ( NMNH)

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Picus williamsonii Newberry 1857
Picus thyroideus Cassin 1852
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• Henry Wetherbee Henshaw (1850-1930)
• Born Cambridge, Massachusetts
• Met William Brewster in High School
• They met C.J. Maynard collector-preparator
• 1872-79 Wheeler Expeditions in W U.S.
• -- Geographical Explorations and Surveys West
  of the 100th Meridian
• 1875 Saw many pairs, collected
• 1 pair near Fort Garland, Colorado

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Picus williamsonii Newberry 1857
Junior synonym
Picus thyroideus Cassin 1852
Sphyapicus thyroideus (Cassin)
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IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OFSPECIES NAMES

• Uniqueness
• Stability
• Universality

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Description of new species Melithreptus
albogularis in The Birds of Australia (1848)
by John Gould
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THE TYPE CONCEPT

• Holotype (the type the type specimen)
• Specimen upon which original description based
• Function name-bearer
• Also paratypes (? type series) other kinds of
  type specimens

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• Many published listings of types
• Nature of types varies life stages partial
  specimens etc. depends on applicable Code
• Name available if published acceptably
• Name valid if it is oldest available name
• Principle of priority (in publishing)

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TAXONOMIC PUBLICATIONS

• Continuum from description to synthetic
• Original descriptions
• Monographs
• Identification keys
• Floras/faunas
• Phylogenetic/biogeographic works
• Lists
• Links to field guides, identification manuals

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Professor Dave Larson
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TAXONOMIC CHARACTER(TRAIT ATTRIBUTE)

• Any attribute of a member of a taxon by which
  it differs or may differ from a member of a
  different taxon
• External or internal anatomy used traditionally

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TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS ARE DIVERSE

• Anatomy
• Chromosomes
• Genetics
• Measurements
• Behaviour
• Distribution
• Ecology

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Types of characters Anatomy (pollen grains of
Polygonum Polygonaceae)
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Types of characters Chromosomes (Commelinaceae
Commelina sp. 2n 90 Callisia fragrans, 2n
12) dayflowers, wandering jew, spiderworts, etc.
Commelina erecta
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Types of characters Behaviour songs of katydids
(Orthoptera)
Common Meadow KatydidOrchelimum vulgare
Common True KatydidPterophylla camellifolia
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Types of characters Distribution Otopappus
(Compositae) in central Mexico
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CHARACTER DESCRIPTION

• Types of variables
• Measurement variables
• Continuous
• Discontinuous (meristic)
• Ranked variables
• Nominal variables (inc. presence/absence)
• Distinguish character from character state

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Specimen Max. diam. (µm) No. spines /- Sulcus/groove Surface
A 145 0 patchy
B 135 98 homogeneous
D 141 0 - homogeneous
E 142 0 homogeneous
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10 µm
Ectothiorhodospira halophila (anoxygenic
phototrophic bacterium genus marine to
high-saline neutral to high-alkaline pH
environments with sulfide (icluding saltwater
estuaries, salt flats sometimes In soil)
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(From Bergeys Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology, vol. 2 (1989))
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BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (BIODIVERSITY)

• Diverse meanings
• Kinds
• Form
• Function
• Ecology
• Others

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PURPOSES OF CLASSIFICATIONS

• Indexes to stored information
• Predictive power
• Two important, potentially conflicting purposes
• Reflect similarity
• Reflect relationships
• Phylogenetic trees commonly used to depict
  relationships