Physical Science

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Physical Science

• States of Matter
• Kinetic Potential Energy
• Energy Transfer (radiation, conduction
  convection)

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6th Grade GLCEs

• 6th Grade Science Companion Document

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Critically Important/State Assessable Vocabulary

• energy transfer
• heat transfer
• states of matter
• conduction
• convection
• radiation
• kinetic energy
• potential energy
• atoms
• molecules
• mass
• closed system
• transformation

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• P.CM.M.1 Changes in State Matter changing from
  state to state can be explained by using models,
  which show that matter is composed of tiny
  particles in motion. When changes of state occur,
  the atoms and/or molecules are not changed in
  structure. When the changes in state occur, mass
  is conserved because matter is not created or
  destroyed.
• P.EN.M.1 Kinetic and Potential Energy Objects
  and substances in motion have kinetic energy.
  Objects and substances may have potential energy
  due to their relative positions in a system.
  Gravitational, elastic, and chemical energy are
  all forms of potential energy.
• P.EN.M.4 Energy Transfer Different forms of
  energy can be transferred from place to place by
  radiation, conduction, or convection. When energy
  is transferred from one system to another, the
  quantity of energy before the transfer is equal
  to the quantity of energy after the transfer.

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P.CM.M.1 Changes in State

• Matter changing from state to state can be
  explained by using models, which show that matter
  is composed of tiny particles in motion. When
  changes of state occur, the atoms and/or
  molecules are not changed in structure. When the
  changes in state occur, mass is conserved because
  matter is not created or destroyed.
• P.CM.06.11 Describe and illustrate changes in
  state, in terms of arrangement and relative
  motion of the atoms or molecules.
• P.CM.06.12 Explain how mass is conserved as a
  substance changes from state to state in a closed
  system.

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P.CM.M.1 Changes in State

• Kids Read the underlined words out loud.
• Matter changing from state to state can be
  explained by using models, which show that matter
  is composed of tiny particles in motion.
• When changes of state occur, the atoms and/or
  molecules are not changed in structure.
• When the changes in state occur, mass is
  conserved because matter is not created or
  destroyed.

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• Kids Fill in the missing words.
• Matter changing from state to state can be
  explained by using _________, which show that
  _________ is composed of tiny __________in
  ________.
• When changes of state occur, the ________ and/or
  ____________ are not changed in __________.
• When the changes in state occur, _______is
  conserved because _________ is not created or
  _________.

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• Eureka Video
• Bill Nye Phases of Matter (22min)

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• P.CM.06.11 Describe and illustrate changes in
  state, in terms of arrangement and relative
  motion of the atoms or molecules.
• P.CM.06.12 Explain how mass is conserved as a
  substance changes from state to state in a closed
  system.

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Atoms Molecules

• Atom Basic unit of matter consisting of a
  nucleus containing protons and neutrons
  surrounded by circling electrons.
• Molecules Atoms combine to make molecules.
• Element Found on the Periodic Table.
  Combinations of elements are the building blocks
  of all matter.
• Compounds - Substances made up of two or more
  atoms chemically bonded together. A formula can
  be written.

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Periodic Table

• Basics
• http//www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_intro.html
• http//www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/

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Changes in State (of Matter)

• There are 3 major states of matter, they are
• Solids
• Liquids
• Gasses
• In all three states of matter, molecules are in
  constant motion.

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Solids

• In a solid, relatively strong forces are exerted
  between the molecules, so the molecules of the
  material vibrate slowly.
• Solids, therefore, have a definite shape and
  volume.

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Phases of matter - solids

• Definite shape
• Definite volume
• Rigid 3-D structure
• Atoms/molecules bonded in place

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Liquids

• When heat energy is added, the molecules vibrate
  faster as they absorb the energy.
• At the melting temperature of the material, the
  molecules have gained enough energy, so that they
  can slip and slide past each other.
• The material is now a liquid.

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Phases of matter - liquids

• Definite volume
• Indefinite shape

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Gasses

• Liquids still have a definite volume, but take
  the shape of their container.
• When more heat energy is added, the motion of the
  molecules within the liquid increases, until some
  of the molecules overcome the forces, becoming a
  gas.
• The liquid has now evaporated to a gas.

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Phases of matter - gases

• Indefinite volume and shape
• Molecules mostly not in contact
• Allowed motions
• Vibration and rotation (molecules with more than
  one atom)
• Translation on random, mostly free paths

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The reverse is also true

• Gas molecules are separated by relatively great
  distances and move about freely.
• Gases take the shape and volume of their
  container.
• Conversely, when enough energy is lost from gas
  molecules, they condense into the liquid phase.

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Activity

• Arrange students from class as atoms in a gas,
  then atoms in a liquid and finally atoms in a
  solid.
• Discuss the properties of each phase of matter.

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And yet another phase of matter

• Plasma is another phase of matter that is
  sometimes recognized by scientists.
• It is a state above the gas phase.
• Click the link to see another explanation of the
  states of matter.
• http//www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_states.html

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Condensation
Freezing
Contract
more heat energy less heat energy E


-E warmer colder
States of Matter
Gas (water vapor) Liquid (water) Solid (ice)
No definite shape No definite shape Definite shape
No definite volume Definite volume Definite volume

Plasma
BEC
Evaporation
Melting
Expand
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Describe and illustrate changes in state, in
terms of arrangement and relative motion of the
atoms or molecules.

• From the Concord Consortium
• Solid-
• Liquid-
• Gas-
• States of Matter-

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Describe and illustrate changes in state, in
terms of arrangement and relative motion of the
atoms or molecules.

• Make a student model of solids, liquids gasses.
  

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Atomic Simulations!

• States of Matter Basics
• Build An Atom
• Build A Molecule
• Balloons Static Electricity

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P.CM.06.12 Explain how mass is conserved as a
substance changes from state to state in a closed
system.

• Kids
• In complete sentences, clearly explain how mass
  (the amount of molecules) is conserved as a
  subject changes from state to state in a closed
  system.
• (We will discuss first.)

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P.EN.M.1 Kinetic and Potential Energy

• Kids Read the underlined words out loud.
• Objects and substances in motion have kinetic
  energy.
• Objects and substances may have potential energy
  due to their relative position in a system.
• Gravitational, elastic, and chemical energy are
  all forms of potential energy.

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• Kids Fill in the missing words.
• Objects and substances in _________ have
  _________________.
• Objects and substances may have ___________due to
  their relative _________ in a system.
• Gravitational, elastic, and chemical energy are
  all forms of ____________.

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P.EN.06.11 Identify kinetic or potential energy
in everyday situations (for example stretched
rubber band, objects in motion, ball on a hill,
food energy). Kids In complete sentences,
tell about 3 examples of kinetic energy
3 examples of potential energy.
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• Kids Sort these examples into the proper area.
  Then give one more example of each.

Kinetic Energy Example Potential Energy Example

Stretched rubber band
A Moving Bicycle
A ball on a hill
Gasoline
Food Energy
A bowling ball on a high ledge
Heat
A rollercoaster at the top of a hill
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Energy Simulations!

• Energy Forms Changes
• Ph-Et Skatepark Simulatio (basic)
• Skateboard Park
• Roller Coaster Simulation Discover! Simulations
• Forces Motion Basics
• Ramp Forces Motion
• Pendulum Lab
• Projectile Motion

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• P.EN.06.12 Demonstrate the transformation
  between potential and kinetic energy in simple
  mechanical systems (for example roller coasters,
  pendulums).
• Kids In complete sentences, clearly tell about
  3 examples of how potential energy is transformed
  into kinetic energy, or vice versa.

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P.EN.M.4 Energy Transfer

• Different forms of energy can be transferred from
  place to place by radiation, conduction, or
  convection. When energy is transferred from one
  system to another, the quantity of energy before
  the transfer is equal to the quantity of energy
  after the transfer.
• P.EN.06.41 Explain how different forms of energy
  can be transferred from one place to another by
  radiation, conduction, or convection.
• P.EN.06.42 Illustrate how energy can be
  transferred while no energy is lost or gained in
  the transfer.

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Heat/Energy Transfer
United Streaming Video
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Temperature
Heat
A measure of the internal energy of an object, or how fast the molecules in a substance are moving. Measured in degrees, using a thermometer. Example A flame is hotter than a radiator. Movement of energy from 1 place to another. Flows from hot to cold only. Depends on the number of molecules in a substance. Measured in calories/Calories calorie amount of energy required to raise 1g of water 1degree Celsius. Calorie amount of energy required to raise 1Kg of water 1 degree Celsius. Example a radiator can heat a room more easily than a candle because it contains more molecules.
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Heat Transfer

• Three mechanisms for heat transfer due to a
  temperature difference.
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Natural flow is always from higher temperature
  regions to cooler ones.

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3 Methods of Energy Transfer

• We could pop popcorn by using each of the
  transfer methods.
• Pop popcorn in a pan on the stove conduction
• Pop popcorn in a hot air popcorn popper
  convection
• Pop popcorn in the microwave
• radiation.

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Three Methods of Heat/Energy Transfer

• Heat always goes from hot to cold.
• Heat is movement of energy from a warmer object
  to a cooler object.

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Conduction

• What happens as a spoon heats up in a pot of
  soup?
• The heat is transported from the hot soup and the
  pot to the particles in the spoon.
• The particles near the bottom of the spoon
  vibrates faster as they are heated, so they bump
  into other particles as they travel through the
  handle of the spoon and pot.
• Soon the handle will be too hot to hold!
• Usually associated with solids.

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Conductors vs Insulators

• Conductor Transfers energy easily. (example
  metals)
• Insulator Does NOT transfer energy easily.
  (example plastics, paper, glass)
• These terms are opposites.

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Convection

• Conduction heats up the spoon, but how does the
  soup inside the pot heat up? Heat transfer
  involving the movement of fluids- liquids and
  gases- it is called convection.
• During convection, heat particles of fluids begin
  to flow transferring heat energy from one part of
  the fluid to another.

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Convection and Density

• The warmer particles are moving faster, they
  spread out more.
• So they are less dense and rise.
• After giving their energy to the cooler fluid at
  the top, they are now cooler and more dense.
  More dense fluids sink.

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Convection Currents Diagram
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Convection Currents

• The heating and cooling of the fluid, changes in
  the fluids density, and the force of gravity
  combine to place the currents in motion.
• Convection currents continue as long as heat is
  added. Without heat the currents will stop when
  all of the material has reached the same
  temperature. However, heat from the Earths
  mantle and core causes the currents to form in
  the asthenosphere.

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Specific Heat

• What heats up faster the land or the ocean?
• Simulation

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Radiation

• Heat transfer by radiation takes place with no
  direct contact between a heat source of an
  object.
• Will transfer through the vacuum of space.
  Matter is not required.

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Radiation

• Other familiar forms of radiation include the
  heat you feel around a flame or open fire.
  Radiation also enables sunlight to warm Earths
  surface.

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3 Types of Heat Transfer
Convection Conduction Radiation
Fluids (liquids gasses) Heat transferred by current heat rises /cool falls. Solids Heat transferred from adjacent objects. No matter required. Heat transferred through space.

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Potential and Kinetic Energy
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Kinetic Potential Energy

• Compare how a rubber ball, a ping-pong ball and a
  clay ball bounce when dropped from a high
  height.

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How is all energy divided?
All Energy
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What is Potential Energy?

• Energy that is stored and waiting to be used later

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What is Gravitational Potential Energy?

• Potential energy due to an objects position
• P.E. mass x
• height x gravity

Dont look down, Rover! Good boy!
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What is Elastic Potential Energy?

• Potential energy due compression or expansion of
  an elastic object.

Notice the ball compressing and expanding
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What is Chemical Potential Energy?

• Potential energy stored within the chemical bonds
  of an object

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What is Kinetic Energy?

• Energy an object has due to its motion
• K.E. .5(mass x speed2)