Mom Dad

1
Mom Dad

• Holstein Hereford
• From the country
• Hereford Holstein
• Black-white face.
• What is this called???
• Application to bonds.

2
Chemistry

• Hybridization
• A process in which atomic orbitals mix and form
  new, identical hybrid orbitals.
• Carbon often undergoes hybridization, which forms
  an sp3 orbital formed from one s orbital and
  three p orbitals.
• Lone pairs also occupy hybrid orbitals.

3
ChemistryChapter 8 Hybridization

• 1 s and 1 p orbitals become two identical sp
  hybrid bonds.
• Example BeCl2

4
ChemistryChapter 8 Hybridization

• 1 s and 2 p orbitals become three identical sp2
  hybrid bonds.
• Example AlCl3

5
ChemistryChapter 8 Hybridization

• 1 s and 3 p orbitals become four identical sp3
  hybrid bonds.
• Example CH4

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ChemistryChapter 8 Hybridization

• Final Notes
• The number of hybrid orbitals the total number
  of electron pairs around the central atom.
• Lone pairs of electrons can occupy hybrid
  orbitals.
• Multiple bonds Only the sigma bond can be
  hybridized the pi bonds are always unhybridized
  p orbitals.

7
Chemistry

• Hybrid Bonds Wrap UP
• Review, Part I valence electron orbitals (s and
  p) can be hybridized (like breeding different
  cows) into different but identical orbitals to
  increase stability and reduce molecular its
  energy state.

8
Chemistry

• Hybrid Bonds Wrap UP
• Review, Part II there are three different
  common types of hybrid orbitals that can form
  depending upon the total number of orbitals
  needed for bonding and lone pairs (2 sp 3 sp2 4
  sp3.
• There are different rules for hybridization of
  orbitals for expanded octets!!!

9
Chemistry

• Hybrid Bonds Wrap UP
• Part III How are we to know which type of
  hybrid orbital will form?
• Rulethe total number of electron pairs (in
  either bonds and lone sets) becomes the number of
  hybrid bonds.
• Exception molecules with multiple bonds
  (double triple). They always use unhybridized p
  orbitals to form pi bonds.