Fundamentals

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Fundamentals Terminology
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LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY SPECIFICATIONS
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Basic Lamp Types

• Incandescent
• Fluorescent
• Mercury Vapor
• Metal Halide
• High Pressure Sodium
• Low Pressure Sodium

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How Lamps Produce Light

• Incandescent

• Fluorescent

• HID

• Low Pressure Sodium

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Relative Performance of Lamp Types

• Compare
• Relative Light Output
• Range of Wattages
• Range of Light Output
• Efficiency or Efficacy
• Range of Rated Life

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Relative Light Output
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Range of Lamp Wattages

• The range of lamp wattages, and hence light
  output, is an indication of the scope of
  applications of each lamp type.

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Range of Light Output

• The range of light output is also an indication
  of the scope of applications.

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Lamp Efficacy (1)

• The ability of a lamp to convert watts into
  lumens is its efficacy
• Efficacy is expressed in Lumens Per Watt
• One comparison of efficacy is made by comparing
  the highest wattage rating of each lamp type.

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Lamp Efficacy (2)
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Range of Rated Life
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Range of Rated Life (2)

• Fluorescent, mercury vapor and high pressure
  sodium lamps have the longest expected life.
• Incandescent have the shortest.

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Bulbs Types
Fluorescent Lamps
Low Pressure Sodium Lams
Incandescent Lamps
HID Lamps
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Common Lamp Lighting Terms

• Current (Amp or I) The flow of electricity
  through a lamp or circuit. It is measured in
  amperes, abbreviated A or I

• Direct Current In direct current, the flow of
  electricity is in a single direction. Batteries
  produce DC current.

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Common Lamp Lighting Terms (2)

• Alternating Current In alternating current, the
  flow of electricity alternates direction. The
  current flowing in the circuit goes on and off
  twice in one cycle.

• The number of cycles completed in one second is
  called the frequency of the AC voltage and is
  designated by Hertz (Hz). The most common
  frequency is 60 Hz (60 Hertz).

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Common Lamp Lighting Terms (3)

• Voltage (V or E) A measurement of the
  electrical force or pressure. It is analogous to
  the pressure in a water line. Measured in volts,
  abbreviated as V or E

• Resistance (R) The resistance to the flow of
  electricity. Measured in ohms, abbreviated R.
  It is analogous to the resistance of water flow
  by a sprinkler at the end of a hose.

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Common Lamp Lighting Terms (4)

• Ohms Law The relationship of voltage
  resistance. The current that will flow in a
  circuit is dependent on the voltage applied to
  the circuit and the resistance in the circuit.
  Use I E/R.

• Watt (W) The power used or consumed by a lamp.
  It is the product of voltage applied to the lamp
  or circuit and the current flowing through it,
  where the power factor is unity or 1.0.

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Common Lamp Lighting Terms (5)

• Power Factor The ratio of the actual power
  being consumed by the lamp or circuit to the
  apparent power being consumed.
• Power Factor Actual/Apparent

• The apparent power is the product of the voltage
  and the current (V x I). Therefore, the actual
  power equals the apparent power times the power
  factor
• Actual V x I x PF

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Common Lamp Lighting Terms (6)

• Kilowatt A kilowatt equals 1000 watts.
• KW W/1000

• Kilowatt Hour The unit of energy. Energy use
  is determined by Energy Power x Time.
  Utilities charge for energy used not power
  consumed.

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Common Lamp Lighting Terms (7)

• Transformer An AC device that transforms the
  voltage from the supply side to the load side.
  It can be designed to raise or lower the
  secondary voltage.

• Reactor A device to limit the current flow to a
  fluorescent, HID or sodium lamp. It is sometimes
  called a choke.
• Capacitor A device used to correct power factor.

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Light Terms

• Lumen Defines the total quantity of light
  produced by a lamp regardless of direction.
• Candlepower (CP) Defines the quantity of light
  emitted by a lamp in one direction, or the
  intensity of light in that direction.

• Candlepower Distribution Curve A
  representation of how light is distributed by a
  fixture or by a reflector and PAR lamps.
• Illumination The quantity of light falling on a
  surface. Measured in footcandles.

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Light Terms (2)

• Footcandle (FC) The amount of lumens falling on
  an area with the area expressed in square feet.

• Lux The metric equivalent of the footcandle
  with the area expressed in square meters.

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Lamp Color Terms

• The color of a lamp is described by two
  independent characteristics
• Color Temperature The color appearance of the
  lighted lamp
• Color Rendition How colors appear when lighted
  by the lamp.

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Lamp Color Terms (2)

• Color Temperature (Kelvins, K) The color
  temperature of a lamp is based on a theoretical
  object called a black body which when heated,
  emits light.

• At a given temperature, the black body has a
  distinct color appearance. The heated
  temperature is measured and the value of that
  temperature is designated its color temperature.

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Lamp Color Terms (3)

• Color Rendition An evaluation of how colors
  appear when lighted by the lamp. The color
  rendering ability of a lamp is indicated by its
  color rendering index rating

• Color Rendering Index (CRI) Expresses the
  relative ability of a lamp to match the color
  rendering of a standard illuminant. A scale of
  100 is used to measure CRI.