Life Science

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Life Science

• SOL Review
• Mutter

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Cells and Genetics

• Hooke was 1st person to observe cells
• Cells
• Basic Unit of structure and function of life
• Prokaryote bacteria/no nucleus
• Eukaryote membrane structures everything but
  bacteria
• Unicellular only one cell (has structures to
  carry out functions)
• Multicellular many celled (work together)

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Cell parts

• Cell membrane outer layer/holds cell together
  allows materials to pass into and out of cell
• Cytoplasm Jelly like material where life
  processes take place/ parts float in it
• Mitochondria cells powerstations/ energy is
  produced here
• Endoplasmic Reticulum transport system of
  cell/some protein is made here

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Cell parts cont.

• Cell Wall Protects and supports the PLANT cell
• Chloroplasts site of photosynthesis/ only in
  PLANT cell.
• Nucleus brain/ controls the activities of the
  cell
• Vacuole where cells store water, food, and
  other materials

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Cell processes

• Respiration
• Photosynthesis

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Cell Division

• Mitosis genetic material in the nucleus copies
  itself nuclear material splits in half so that
  each daughter cell gets material that is the same
  as that of a parent exact copies.
• Meiosis combining cells from 2 different
  parents half the genetic material comes from
  each parent sexual reporduction.

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Meiosis
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Cell Theory

• All living things are made of cells cells are
  the smallest structure of living things that can
  perform the processes necessary for life living
  cells come only from other living things.
• Organization of living things
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• System
• organism

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Genetics

• Species organism reproduces only its own kind
  fertile offspring
• DNA genetic material found in cells nucleus
  blueprint for the cell (double helix)

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Genetics cont.

• Genes segments of DNA control traits you
  inherited your genes and the traits from your
  parents
• Chromosomes genes are located on chromosomes in
  the nuclei they contain many thousands of genes
  23 pairs
• Female XX chromosomes
• Male XY chromosomes

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Genetics cont.

• Heredity passing of traits from parents to
  offspring
• Allele Each gene in a pair you inherit 2
  alleles for each trait
• Dominant allele masks the effect of the other
  allele
• Recessive allele the allele that is
  masked/covered

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Genetics cont.

• Purebred Tow of the same alleles whether
  dominant or recessive (TT or tt)
• Hybrid both a dominant and a recessive allele
  for a trait (Tt)
• Genotype set of alleles an organism has for a
  trait (Tt)
• Phenotype the appearance the trait takes on
• Mutation random change in genes
• Adaptation characteristics that help organism
  survive

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Punnett Square

• Used to predict traits male on top dominant is
  shown with a capital letter and recessive with a
  lower case letter each square is ¼ or 25 of the
  predicted

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Other definitions

• Three ways material is moved in and out of a cell
• Osmosis-diffusion of water across a membrane
• Diffusion-movement of molecules from higher
  concentration to lower concentration
• Active transport-movement of materials through a
  cell membrane using energy.

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Other definitions

• Eutrophication build up of nutrients in
  freshwater leads to algae growth
• Pheromone chemical released by one animal that
  affects behavior of antoher of same species
• Tropism growth response of plant toward or away
  from stimulus
• Phototropism growth response toward light

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Biomes-Forests

• Tropical Rain forest
• Deciduous Forest
• Coniferous

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Biomes

• Grasslands
• Temperate Grasslands
• Tropical Grassland

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Biomes

• Deserts
• Hot
• Cold

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Biomes

• Tundra

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Biomes

• Water
• Freshwater
• Marine

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Kingdoms

• Some say 5 some say 6
• Animal
• Plant
• Fungus
• Protist
• Bacteria
• Eubacteria

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Seven Levels of Classification

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

King Philip can only find green snakes" can be
used to memorize the hierarchy for the
classification of organisms which is kingdom,
phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
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Ecosystem vocabulary

• Phototropism
• Hibernation
• Eutrophication
• Parasite
• Host
• Biotic
• Abiotic
• Omnivore
• Carnivore
• Herbivore

• Nitrogen cycle
• Carbon-oxygen cycle
• Ecosystem
• Biome
• Food web
• Food chain

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Animal Kingdom

• Chordate Phylum
• Arthropod Phylum
• Mollusk Phylum
• Annelid Phylum
• Nematode Phylum
• Cnidarian Phylum
• Echinoderm Phylum

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Plant kingdom

• Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
• Ferns, club mosses, horsetails
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms

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Extra vocabulary

• Bilateral symmetry
• Radial symmetry

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Body Systems

• Circulatory
• Digestive
• Endocrine
• Excretory
• Immune
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Reproductive
• Respiratory
• Skeletal
• Skin