Energy Localization

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Energy Localization

• The key to Understanding Energy in Nanotechnology
  Nature

 
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Nature assembles ordered structures out of chaos
without a temperature gradient or energy input.

Systems generally go from ordered to
chaotic. How does nature go from the chaotic to
ordered?
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Atoms in most solids vibrate at high frequency
and low amplitude

Atoms nuclei generally reside in parabolic
potential wells. The nuclei undergo simple
harmonic motion as if they were connected by
springs.
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Some Materials have non-parabolic potential
wellsThey produce nonlinear vibrational modes

Large Amplitude, Low Frequency Vibrational modes
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Levitating magnet
superconductors have very large amplitude
vibrational modes
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Enrico Fermi, 1954 Los Alamos MAINIAC I
M1
M2
Mn

Ideal Springs obey Hookes Law F -k1X
Equipartition of
Energy Every mass has the same vibrational
energy
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Non ideal Springs

• F -k1X k2X2
• Energy is not equally Shared
• Energy is Localized

Vibrationally cold
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Fermi Ulam found that Energy is Localized when
there is

1. A countable number of elements
2. Nonlinear coupling between the elements

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Energy Localized vibrational modes are so large
that they can break and reform bonds. Locally,
the vibrations act like very hot regions with
active chemistry.
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Nanoparticles in the 3 - 12 nm size regime have
both properties1. A countable number of
atomsA large fraction of the atoms are near the
surface and reside in shallow, non-parabolic
potential wells

2. Nonlinear Coupling
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Energy localization at the nanoscale circumvents
the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Ordered structures can be assembled from Chaos
Nature evolved to take advantage of these energy
exchange mechanisms available only at this size
scale.
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Light EmittersSolar CellsEnzyme operational
control

• Nanomagnetism

Energy Localization Controls the Efficiency
Critical features for any nanodevice should be
processed in the 3 - 12nm size regime.
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Yashiaki Arata 2006 Japans most decorated
scientist Order of Cultural Merit Deuterium gas
added to 5-10nm palladium powders spontaneously
produces heat via nuclear reactions. George
Miley No energy input is required. Limitless
clean energy is now a realistic possibility.

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Takahashi reported no excess heat with 20-100nm
powder

• Energy Localization was explained
• PdD - PdH is a superconductor
• H /D in palladium is anharmonic
• Hydrogen in nano Pd is chaotic
• Kitamura and Takahashi succeed at 5-10nm

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Rossi and Piantelli

• Both describe nanoscale nickel particles with
  hydrogen to produce heat
• Piantelli says the nickel must be free of any NiO
  coating and the feature size must be below 70nm
• Rossi Piantelli report self sustained operation
• George Miley reported similar action last week

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Nano-magnetism

• Ferromagnetism is a cooperative phenomenon
• Ferrites processed at 3 12nm have cooperative
  oscillations
• Magnetic vortices arise at that dimension
• Vortex interactions extract energy via energy
  localization
• Ferrites run cold as a result
• Energy source is undetermined