THE NIXON ADMINISTRATION

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THE NIXON ADMINISTRATION

• CHAPTER 32, SECTION 1

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IMPORTANT TERMS

• RICHARD M. NIXON
• NEW FEDERALISM
• REVENUE SHARING
• FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN
• SOUTHERN STRATEGY
• STAGFLATION
• O.P.E.C.
• REALPOLITIK
• DÉTENTE
• S.A.L.T. I TREATY

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IMPORTANT DATES

• 1968 NIXON ELECTED PRESIDENT
• 1969
• FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN (FAP) FAILS IN CONGRESS
• JULY APOLLO 11 MOON LANDING
• 1971 SWANN v. CHARLOTTE BOARD OF EDUCATION
• 1972
• NIXON VISITS CHINA
• NIXON SOVIETS SIGN SALT I TREATY
• 1973 YOM KIPPUR WAR
• 1973-74 OPEC OIL EMBARGO

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NIXON ENTERS THE PRESIDENCY

• WHEN? 1968
• WHY?
• LBJ HAD WITHDRAWN
• VIETNAM
• FAILURE OF THE GREAT SOCIETY
• DISCONTENT W/ DEMOCRATS
• GOALS
• DECREASE THE SIZE INFLUENCE OF THE FEDERAL
  GOVT.
• VIETNAMIZATION
• IMPROVE THE U.S. ECONOMY
• IMPROVE RELATIONS W/THE COMMUNIST WORLD

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RICHARD M. NIXON
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CHANGING THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT

• DEMOCRATS TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN BIG GOVT
  (DEFINE)
• REPUBLICANS TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN LIMITED,
  OR SMALL GOVT.
• NIXON
• WANTED TO REDUCE THE SIZE OF GOVT.
• ALSO WANTED TO HELP IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF DAILY
  LIFE
• HOW?
• NEW FEDERALISM (DEFINE / EFFECT)
• Ex REVENUE SHARING (DEFINE / EFFECT)
• WELFARE REFORM (DEFINE)
• Ex FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN (FAP) (DEFINE)
• PROBLEM FAP FAILS TO PASS CONGRESS
• OTHER PROBLEMS U.S. GOVT. DIVIDED BY POLITICAL
  PARTIES
• EXECUTIVE REPUBLICAN
• CONGRESS DEMOCRAT
• SO WHAT?

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POSITIVE CHANGES

• NIXONS EFFORTS TO IMPROVE DAILY LIFE FOR
  AMERICANS DID HAVE SOME SUCCESSES
• SOCIAL SECURITY INCREASED
• MEDICARE / MEDICAID PAYMENTS MORE EASILY
  AVAILABLE
• FOOD STAMPS MADE MORE ACCESSIBLE
• SUBSIDIZED HOUSING FOR MIDDLE LOWER INCOME
  FAMILIES
• U.S. JOB CORPS PROGRAMS EXPANDED

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VIETNAMIZATION

• DEFINE
• WHY?
• HOW?
• BEGIN PEACE TALKS W/ NORTH VIETNAMESE (PARIS)
• GRADUAL TROOP REDUCTIONS WITHDRAWALS FROM V-NAM
• LEAVE U.S. MILITARY ADVISORS TO HELP TRANSITION
• CONTINUE U.S. SUPPLIES TO ARVN S. V-NAM
• WHEN? 1968-72
• RESULT? 1973 LAST U.S. COMBAT TROOPS LEAVE
  V-NAM

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REALPOLITIK

• DEFINE
• DEALING W/OTHER NATIONS IN A PRACTICAL FELXIBLE
  WAY
• MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR
• HOW POWERFUL WAS/IS A NATION?
• IF WEAK, IGNORE IT.
• IF POWERFUL, CONFRONT IT
• CONFRONTATION COULD MEAN NEGOTIATION AND/OR
  MILITARY ENGAGEMENT
• EX.
• COMMUNIST CHINA EXISTS, SO RECOGNIZE THEM AND
  NEGOTIATE WITH THEM
• USSR WAS A WORLD NUCLEAR POWER, SO NEGOTIATE
  W/THEM
• WHO? HENRY KISSINGER, NIXONS N.S.A.
• RESULT? DÉTENTE
• DEFINE POLICY AIMED AT EASING COLD WAR TENSIONS

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• NIXON HENRY KISSINGER

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RELATIONS WITH THE COMMUNIST WORLD

• NIXON VIEWED USSR AS THE GREATER THREAT TO THE
  U.S. THAN RED CHINA
• NIXON WANTED TO CREATE A SPLIT IN THE COMMUNIST
  WORLD
• HOW?
• VIETNAMIZATION
• IMPROVE RELATIONS W/RED CHINA
• WHY?
• IF HE COULD IMPROVE U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS, IT
  WOULD CONCERN USSR
• ANDFORCE THEM TO SIGN AMRS TREATIES W/THE U.S.
• DID WHAT?
• 1972
• NIXON VISITS CHINA
• U.S. FORMALLY RECOGNIZES COMMUNIST CHINESE GOVT.
• NIXON VISITS USSR
• S.A.L.T. I TREATY SIGNED
• SO WHAT?
• NIXON HAS WIDENED SPLIT BETWEEN USSR CHINA
• DOMINO THEORY IS OVER
• CONTAINMENT POLICY IS DONE

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NIXON VISITS CHINA, 1972
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NIXON MAO ZEDONG
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OTHER FOREIGN AFFAIRS

• OIL DEPENDENCY
• LATE 60s / EARLY 70s U.S. RELIES HEAVILY ON
  IMPORTED OIL FOR ENERGY NEEDS
• WHERE? MIDDLE EAST
• WHO? O.P.E.C. NATIONS
• EXAMPLES?
• SAUDI ARABIA
• IRAN
• IRAQ
• PROBLEM 1973, YOM KIPPUR WAR
• WHO? ISRAEL v. EGYPT / SYRIA
• WHAT HAPPENS?
• U.S. SENDS AID TO ISRAEL
• ISRAEL WINS
• OPEC NATIONS FURIOUS W/ U.S.
• OIL EMBARGO BEGINS OIL SHORTAGES ACROSS U.S.
• U.S. HAS TO CONSIDER ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
  MORE SERIOUSLY

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• ISRAEL THE
• MIDDLE EAST, 1973

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• THE
• YOM KIPPUR
• WAR, 1973

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Egyptian Troop Crossing, Suez Canal
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Israeli Tank Convoy, Golan Heights
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Golan Heights, 1973
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Generals Ariel Sharon Moshe Dayan
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O.P.E.C. NATIONS
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OPEC NATIONS
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NIXONS POLITICAL STYLE

• NIXON
• VERY CONSERVATIVE
• BELIEVED IN LAW AND ORDER POLITICS
• COMMITTED TO ENDING SOCIAL DISRUPTION OF THE LATE
  60s
• HOW?
• USED FULL RESOURCES OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH
• SOMETIMES THIS WAS DONE ILLEGALLY
• EXAMPLES?
• WIRETAPPING LEFT-WING PEOPLE / GROUPS
• USED GOVT. INFORMERS / MOLES INSIDE LEFT-WING
  ORGANIZATIONS
• CIA CREATES FILES ON GOVT. OPPONENTS
• ADMINISTRATION CREATES ENEMIES LIST
• ANYONE WHO OPPOSES US, WELL DESTROY
• -Nixon White House Aid
• PROBLEM?

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• 1972 RE-ELECTION CAMPAIGN
• SOUTHERNERS UNHAPPY WITH DEMOCRATIC PARTY
• WHY? GROWING LIBERALISM W/IN PARTY
• NIXON WANTS TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS
• BEGINS SOUTHERN STRATEGY
• DEFINE
• ATTEMPT TO SLOW NATIONS DESEGREGATION EFFORTS
• EX.
• ORDERED DELAYED SCHOOL INTEGRATION IN MS., SC.
• OPPOSED EXTENSION OF VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 65
• OPPOSED SUPREME COURT DECISION IN SWANN V.
  CHARLOTTE-MECKLENBURG BD. OF EDUCATION
• WHY? OPPOSED SCHOOL BUSING
• SUPREME COURT NIXON MAKES IT MORE CONSERVATIVE
• HOW? APPOINTS CONSERVATIVE JUDGES
• EXAMPLES?
• WARREN BURGER, CHIEF JUSTICE
• WILLIAM REHNQUIST