South Africa

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South Africa
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Geography

• South Africa is at the tip of the African
  Continent
• It is nearly twice the size of Texas
• Its so close to the South Pole that penguins
  spend the winter there

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Climate

• SAs climate includes
• The Namib Desert
• Tropical areas
• lush farmland
• A Mediterranean coast
• The Karoo
• The Drakensberg Mountains
• Temperatures are mild

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• South Africa has two major cities Cape Town in
  the West and Johannesburg/Pretoria in the East.
• Pretoria is the Capital of South Africa
• Cape Town is a major tourist city and JoBurg is
  the major industrial center
• Many smaller towns are located along the coast
• SA surrounds two countries Lesotho and Swaziland

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South Africa Facts

• SAs population is 47 million people
• SA currency is called the Rand
• It has 9 provinces
• SAs president is Thabo Mbeki
• SA is a democracy with a bicameral parliament
• SA has 11 official languages
• SA is a major producer of fruits, corn, cattle,
  gold, and the worlds biggest diamond exporter

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Indigenous Peoples

• South Africa is home to 9 major ethnic groups of
  indigenous peoples
• The Xhosa
• The Zulu
• The Khoi-San
• The Sotho
• The Pedi
• The Ndebele
• The Swazi
• The Venda
• The Tsonga

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• An Ndebele Woman
• A Xhosa boy at initiation

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South African History
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Early Times

• Bantu Migration
• Hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, farmers
• Shaka Zulu

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Once upon a time

• South Africa wasnt a country or a colony but
  simply the southern part of Africa.
• BUT- then Europeans came to southern Africa on
  their way to the East Indies (Indonesia) and
  India.
• Why were they going to the Indies??to trade
  goods and spices!
• This was the fastest way since there was NO Suez
  Canal yet!

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Discovery Importance

• Bartholomew Dias
• Mercantilism (export more than you import)
• The Dutch East India Company

• Dutch traders on their way to the East Indies
  needed a place to stop for supplies.
• The BEST place was the southern tip of Africa.
• In 1652, the Dutch East India Company was settled
  in the area.
• In the Cape Colony

However, The people living there were called
Boers (meaning farmer in Dutch)
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The Cape under Dutch Rule

• 1652 a way station was established at the Cape of
  Good Hope for the VOC by Jan van Riebeeck
• The Khoi Khoi
• Sailors, Settlers, and Slaves

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The English the Afrikaners

• The British seized Cape Town in 1797 in 1805,
  it became the Cape Colony
• The Dutch settlers had come to see themselves as
  Afrikaners, not Dutch, and now spoke a dialect of
  Dutch called Afrikaans
• The Afrikaners resented and disliked the British
• Afrikaners generally fell into two groups
  Wealthy merchants and farmers and poor farmers
  (subsistence) called the Boers

There is a little more to the story
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The British Take Over!

• In 1785, English soldiers seized the Cape Colony
  to protect the British shipping route to India.
• After the 1820s, more and more British came to
  find gold and diamonds.
• Boers called them the uitlanders which meant
  outlanders

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The Great Trek

• Many Boers became dissatisfied with British rule
  in the 1830s and decided to move north.
• They founded two republics between the Limpopo
  and Orange Rivers-
• The Transvaal
• Free State of Orange
• Some also moved eastward into the Natal region-
  but the Zulu people were already there.

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Boer War

• Prime Minister Cecil Rhodes (British)
• wanted to take control of the Boer states.
• Really wanted the land- AND RESOURCES.
• In 1895, he provoked the utilanders to attack
  the Dutch Boer states
• His plan failed in a major way- the Brits werent
  able to accomplish anything- and he was forced to
  resign.
• But, things were just getting started

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Boer War

• In 1899, Britain started a war with the Boers.
• The Boer War is remembered as the bloodiest
  battle in African history.
• Some European nations, including the Netherlands,
  supported the Boers- so they war lasted until
  1902.
• When the British finally won, the region became
  known as the Union of South Africa.

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• 1934- South Africa joined the British
  Commonwealth
• European descendants controlled most of the
  country
• Owned all nations land, industries
• British descendants controlled the economy.
• Dutch/Boer descendants (also called Afrikaners)
  held all political power

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The Great Treks

• In the 1830s the Boers began to leave the
  Western Cape in search of land and to escape the
  British
• As the Boers pushed further east, they endured
  the Karoo and came into conflict with the Zulu
  and the Xhosa
• Trekboer life

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Wars

• British Expansion
• Boer/African wars
• The Trekboer Republics the Boer Wars
• Concentration Camps
• British African Wars
• Rorkes Drift
• Consolidation

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Kimberley The Witwatersrand

• Diamonds 1867
• Gold 1886
• Immigration
• Slavery Labor

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Colonial Africa

• In the late 1800s European Countries began to
  colonize Africa
• The Scramble
• The Plan
• The Reality

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Cecil Rhodes

• Born in England 1853, he moved to SA as a teen
  because he was sickly
• To Kimberley in 1871
• De Beers in his life, he controlled 90 of the
  worlds diamonds
• Politics
• Rhodesia

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The Beginnings of Apartheid

• White Settlers
• Land
• Bantustans
• Labor
• Pass Laws
• Urbanization
• Native Education
• Missionaries

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What is Apartheid?

• Means apart-ness in Afrikaans
• Definition- a policy of Segregation and
  political/economic discrimination against
  non-Europeans in South Africa
• Apartheids roots go as far back as 1652
• It was designed in 1917 by Jan Smuts, the
  Africaner Prime Minister of South Africa
• It was legalized in 1948

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Complexities of Apartheid

• Afrikaner Men
• English Men
• Afrikaner Women
• English Women
• Other Europeans/ honorary Whites
• Asians
• Coloreds (people of mixed racial heritage)
• Africans

• Apartheid was more than just race
• Gender
• Strict Hierarchy
• Only White men could vote own Property
• Systematic Disadvantage

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Social Grouping

• In 1948 (right after the end of WWII), the South
  African government grouped people into 3 groups
• Black
• Native Africans
• White
• European descendants
• Colored
• Mixed race people and Asians

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Human Rights Violation

• South Africa used these 3 categories to give out
  benefits.
• It officially denied most blacks of decent
  housing, education, and health facilities.
• This policy is called apartheid.
• How does apartheid compare to segregation in
  America?
• Why is this considered a human rights violation?

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So, what happened?

• Armed movements fought apartheid for the next 45
  years.
• International community opposed apartheid too.
• South Africa became isolated from the rest of the
  world, but apartheid continued on.
• Isolation made life very hard for the people of
  South Africa.

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Life for Africans during Apartheid

• Extreme poverty and unemployment
• Urbanization Townships
• Gangs and Violence

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The Struggle Against Apartheid

• Riots
• The Sharpeville Massacre (1960)
• The Rise of the ANC

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Soweto Uprising
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The ANC UDF

• The African National Congress
• Nelson Mandela
• The Spear of the Nation
• For the rights of Africans
• The ANC goes underground
• Imprisoned 1961

• The United Democratic Front
• Non-Racial
• UDF Unites, Apartheid Divides
• 1983

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Fighters

• Nelson Mandela was a major fighter against
  apartheid.
• He led the African National Congress (ANC)
• He was eventually sentenced to life in prison for
  his anti-apartheid activities.
• For 27 years, Nelson Mandela waited in prison
  while his fellow South Africans fought for his
  freedom.
• He was finally released on February 11, 1990.

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The End of Apartheid

• Apartheid ended in 1994
• Why did it end?
• International Pressure
• The End of the Cold War

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• Mandelas release in 1990 from prison marked the
  beginning of the end of apartheid.

• But the first election that allowed both blacks
  and whites wasnt until 1994.

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Mandela was elected President of South Africa in
1994.

• This signified the first multi-racial government.

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After Apartheid

• First Democratic Elections
• Mandela President
• The Truth Reconciliation Commission
• Desmond Tutu

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Truth and Reconciliation Committee

• Appointed by Mandela
• 1995
• Headed by Bishop Desmond Tutu
• Bring abuses of apartheid to light

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New Government, New Constitution

• 1996- people approve new constitution
• Becomes law in a 3 year period
• 2nd elections in 1999- ANC won again by a
  landslide

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South Africa Today

• Tourism Wildlife
• District Six Museum
• New Challenges
• Economic disparity/Poverty
• HIV

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And the remnants today

• 60 unemployment rate
• Now have a quota system
• What is this program similar to in America?
• BONUS POINTS for you! Affirmative Action!
• Segregation and apartheid are engrained into the
  culture.
• Violence sometimes a problem when people become
  frustrated with the slow-to-change government.
• AIDS just adds to their despair
• Highest caseload in the world.