Modern%20Era%20(Guided%20Notes%2018.2)

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Modern Era (Guided Notes 18.2)
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Muslim Empires

• Umayyad Empire
• Spread Islam throughout the Middle East
• Gained the most land because with the creation
  spread of Islam, the empire spread as well
• Ottoman Empire
• Spread into Central Eastern Europe, as well as
  North Africa SW Asia
• Captured city of Constantinople (MAJOR
  CITYconsidered the gateway into Asia)
• Medina Mecca captured by Umayyad, Ottoman and
  Abbasid Empires
• Major Islamic cities!

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Industrialization

• Was a problem for Middle East because they lacked
  the resources (wood, coal) to fully industrialize
  like Europe did
• By the 1800s
• Europe controlled parts of Northern Africa SW
  Asia
• Russian empires controlled Central Asia
  (Afghanistan, etc.)

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Ideas of nationalism, which is a belief in the
right of an ethnic group to have its own
independence

• In the 1800s, there was a rise in a well-educated
  middle class

Caused ideas of self-rule/independence to emerge
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Gaining independence

• WW1 WW2 ? European countries weaker ? had to
  give up land in North Africa SW Asia (by 1960s)
• Some regional economies still under European
  control
• As a result, regional governments seized European
  property
• Countries in Central Asia, however, gained
  independence after the fall of the USSR in 1991

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Arab Israeli Conflict Timeline

• 1st century Romans expel Jews from homeland
  eventually, Arab Muslims settle
• Late 1800s Jewish persecution abroad ? Zionism
  (belief in returning to homeland)
• 1918 British gain control of Palestine, Jews
  settle ? conflict!
• 1939-1945 WW2 extermination of 6 million Jews
  western sentiment begins
• 1947 United Nations separate Palestine into
  Jewish Arab States
• 1948 Brits leave Jewish leaders declare ISRAEL
  as Jewish state
• 1948 1967 Israelis take Arab (Palestinian)
  land Jewish settlements est. in West Bank

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• Because of the Arab-Israeli conflicts, many
  Palestinian Arabs were forced to become refugees
  in other countries. Want independent states in
  West Bank Gaza Strip
• 1993 Palestinians gain limited self-rule in
  exchange for their recognition of Israels right
  to exist as a nation
• 1998 Wye River Agreement. Israelis agree to
  withdraw troops from Israeli areas in West bank
  in order to increase Palestinian self-rule

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2nd Infitada (VIOLENCE) among Palestinians

• Disagreements in 02 halted movements towards
  peace

Reoccupation by Israelis of Palestinian cities
(i.e. Israel taking over Palestinian
cities..again)
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Afghanistan

• Very ethnically diverse ? conflict btw foreign
  forces Afghani rival groups
• 1990s Taliban won control of country criticized
  for human rights abuses by international
  community (womens rights, sheltering terrorists)
• 2002 US Britain begin 1st operation of War
  Against Terrorism goal to eliminate terrorist
  regimes (especially Taliban, who sheltered Bin
  Laden, who was responsible for 9/11)
• ULTIMATE GOAL ELIMINATE TERRORISTS!Side note
  Afghanistan is also a hub for illegal opium
  trade, which has been used to fund wars is
  being used by the Taliban terrorist group to fund
  itself.

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Iraq/Iran

• Conflicts over resources, esp. water (? border
  conflict)
• 1990s Iraq invasion of Kuwait oil fields (Saddam
  Hussein) ? worldwide embargo against Iraq
• Kurds, who are an ethnic group in both countries,
  still vying for creation of own country
• Opposition by ruling governments
• Differences between Kurds
• Basically, this isnt happening.

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• Countries with monarchs
• UAE, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Jordan
• Countries with Democracies/Republics
• Israel Parliamentary Republic (PM Pres.)
• Afghanistan part of an Islamic Republic
  (includes Iran as well)
• Palestinian National Authority
• Iraq (as of 2005still some problems)
• Libya (in transition problem ISIS)