Social%20

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You will learn

• Organisation of societies in India (Ind), China
  (Ch) and SEA
• How empires were ruled
• Good governance from India, China and SEA

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Duties of Rulers in ancient Ind, Ch SEA

• Absolute monarchs enjoyed unlimited power
• Controlled land armies
• Made all the important decisions
• Sometimes divide up territories into smaller
  units
• Subjects must to obey rulers

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Duties of Rulers in ancient Ind, Ch SEA

• Dynasty Leadership of kingdom passed on to
  children of the rulers
• Usually a line of kings from the same family
• Others were leaders of empires
• Empire Several countries/kingdoms under the
  rule of one state or country

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Duties of Rulers in ancient Ind, Ch SEA

• Duties of Rulers
• Defend against against foreign invasions
• Waged wars to increase territories
• Ensure country well-governed
• Employ officials to maintain law order and to
  collect taxes
• Carry out public projects eg irrigation canals,
  roads and hospitals
• Patrons of religion, learning and the arts

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Social Political Life in India

• Aryan India
• The Mauryan Dynasty
• The Gupta Dynasty

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Aryan India

• Migration of Aryans to India
• Social structure in Aryan Ind based on a class
  system
• Everyone had a place in society
• Society could function smoothly if people knew
  what their roles were
• Aryans Punjab to Ganges Plain
• Society divided into 4 main classes
• A persons caste was fixed from birth
• A last group
• Untouchables undertakers, sweepers

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Aryan India

• Early days People could move across castes if
  they were skilled
• Brahmins (priests) made rules extremely rigid
• No movement from one caste to another allowed
• Cannot do the jobs of different caste members
• Could not mixed or marry freely
• Those who did not follow these rules would become
  untouchables
• The caste system continued to be part of India
  for 3,000 years

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Aryan India

• Aryan govt was simple
• People settled in Punjab
• Organised into tribes under a rajah or king
• Rajah protected his people
• Assisted by a tribal council
• Position of rajah was hereditary ie passed down
  from father to son

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Aryan India

• Later in the Ganges plains, tribes formed many
  small kingdoms
• Boundaries/borders marked by rivers and mountains
• More powerful tribes conquered the weaker ones
• Kingdoms thus arose

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• 4 B.C. Chandragupta first king to conquer
  other small kingdoms
• Set up a large empire
• He was from the Magadha kingdom
• Started the Mauryan Dynasty in 322 B.C.
• The dynasty lasted 140 years

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• Chandragupta undertook expansion of his kingdom
• Set up a police state
• Used secret police to control freeedom of people
• Used spies to collect information about people
• Huge army
• Troops, chariots elephants
• Capital at Pataliputra
• Made use of viceroys to look after provinces

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• Chandragupta was a strict ruler
• Imposed harsh punishments on those who disobeyed
  the law
• Hence he had many enemies
• Took measures to avoid being assassinated
• Personal body guards food tasters
• Would not sleep in the same room twice

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• Chandragupta also made improvements to his
  peoples lives
• Set up postal service
• Built many roads
• Royal highway linked his capital to the furthest
  parts of his empire in the northwest

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Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador at the court of
Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra, wrote about
the prosperity of the Mauryan cities. He
reported that agriculture was healthy, water
abundant and mineral wealth was in plenty.
Megasthenes wrote, the Indians, dressed in
bright and rich colors. They liberally used
ornaments and gems." He also spoke of the
division of society according to occupation and
the large number of religious sects and
foreigners in the empire.
http//www.itihaas.com/ancient/chandra.html
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There is no better work than promoting the
welfare of the world. Whatever be my great deeds,
I have done them in order to discharge my debt to
all beings.
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• Chandraguptas grandson, Asoka, was one of the
  greatest Mauryan rulers
• His rule was filled with peace
• Brought about by his conversion to Buddhism
• After the battle at Kalinga, he stopped
  territorial conquest

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• Asoka ruled his empire with kindness
• He felt peace was necessary for the happiness of
  his people
• Army used for border patrols
• His laws were less harsh than his grandfather

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• Lives of the people improved under Asokas rule
• Continued with public projects
• New roads lined with shady trees
• Homes for elderly and orphans
• Free hospitals for people and animals
• Asoka travelled widely throughout his empire,
  listening to the opinions of his people

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Asoka stupas were the stupas commissioned by the
famous Buddhist emperor Asoka centuries ago.
Buddhist history relates that he had the help of
numerous spirits and had 84,000 stupas built all
over the world overnight. Only a relatively small
number of these stupas are known to us. Each
stupa contains the relics of the historical
Buddha and is therefore accorded with highest
respect. Wutaisan was mentioned by the Buddha
over 2500 years ago as a place where Manjusri
dwells and teaches. It was described to be in
China, in a certain direction and a certain
distance from India. However, in the early stages
of Chinese Buddhist development, the description
was treated more as a legend than an actual
place. One of the Asoka stupas was said to be in
this legendary sacred place.
180 feet tall Asoka stupa which is visible from
practically any part of TaiHuai, Wutaisan
Source www.b-i-a.net/photos/ wutaishan/1.jpg
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King Asoka regularly fed the Brahmin priests. in
accordance with the custom of the household,
before his conversion to Buddhism. But he was not
pleased with their demeanour at meal-time, as
they were neither clean nor calm. The King
thought to himself, "Charity on such a lavish
scale should be given in proper quarters".
Latter, one day he saw a serene - looking young
novice, quietly walking along the street with
restrained senses.           The King was so
impressed with the deportment that the novice was
invited to the palace at once and requested to
occupy a suitable seat and the novice went up
the throne and sat on it. The King then served
him with and excellent meal and asked him to give
an exposition of the Doctrine which his Teacher
used to preach. The young novice Nigrodha
delivered an instructive discourse on the
following stanza of the Dhammapada-
           "Heedfulness is the path to
Deathlessness. Heedlessness is the path to death.
The heedful do not die, the heedless are like
unto the dead".           The word of the Buddha
appealed to him and he became a Buddhist and
staunch supporter of the religion.
Source www.goldenlandpages.com/hotspots/
buddhism/56.jpg
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Sanchi Gate and Stupa. First built at time of
Asoka and enlarged over time. The stupa
architectural form was originally a reliquary,
but eventally became the most characteristic form
for a place of Buddhist worship. At this time,
Buddhism spread throughout the area ruled by the
Mauryans.
Source www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ udg/
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Asoka's pillar. 32-foot high polished sandstone
columns were erected at the time of Asoka's reign
to commemorate events in Buddha's life or to mark
routes to holy sites.
Source www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ udg/
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Capital from a pillar of Asoka the Lions of
Sarnath. Sarnath is where Asiddhartha Gautama
first preached, and these lions echo his
teachings to the four quarters of rthe world. The
wheel symbolizes Buddhist law and also Asoka's
legitamacy as an enlightened ruler.
Source www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ udg/
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The Gupta Dynasty

• Mauryan Dynasty began to decline after Asokas
  death
• Gradually broke into small kingdoms
• Constantly at war
• A.D. 4 Gupta Dynasty
• Ruled for 180 years
• Hinduism remained a strong force

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The Gupta Dynasty

• Gupta Dynasty became very powerful during the
  rule of Chandragupta II (A.D. 376 to A.D. 415)
• His empire extended westwards and conquered ports
  in western India
• Made possible trade with western India
• Also brought states in Central India under his
  influence

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The Gupta DynastyGOVERNMENT

• The Guptas set up a stable and strong government
• Capital Pataliputra
• India divided into provinces and districts
• Royal guards and officers helped helped run these
  territories
• Village councils running of villages

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The Gupta DynastyRELIGION

• The Guptas allowed freedom of worship although
  they were Hindus
• Many Buddhist monasteries were built
• Many Indians followed the Buddhist way of life

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The Gupta DynastyLAW

• Punishments not as harsh as in the Mauryan
  Dynasty
• Criminals not severely dealt with
• Most offenders merely fined
• People who repeatedly tried to rebel against the
  government had their right hands cut off

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So far ..

• No major changes in the methods of government
• Kings of Mauryan and Gupta dynasties held all
  power in their hands
• Claimed to have blessings of the gods to be
  rulers
• Depended on loyalty of their officials and army
  officers to look after territories
• Ordinary people continued their way of life

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CHINA
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ZHOU DYNASTY
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MAP OF ZHOU
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Zhou Dynasty

• 11th century B.C.
• System of government Feudalism
• Social System Two different classes in Zhou
  society
• Upper Class
• King nobles
• Lower class
• Scholars, peasants, craftsmen merchants

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Zhou Feudal System

• King ruled only the capital and its surrounding
  areas
• Divided the country into territories known as
  feudal states
• Ruler of a feudal state was the feudal lord
• Ruled the feudal states, owned armies and
  peasants
• When a feudal lord died, his son inherited the
  land

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Zhou Feudal System
KING OF ZHOU DYNASTY
Paid tribute (jade, grain) and provided military
service
Gave people and land
FEUDAL LORDS
Gave protection and permission to farm land
Paid grain and silk and provided free labour and
military service
PEASANTS
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QIN DYNASTY
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Presenting the MAN himself.
Qin Shihuang
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Did U know that .

• Qin Shihuang was originally known as Prince Zheng
  of the State of Qin?
• Prince Zheng actually forced his Prime Minister
  to commit suicide?
• I will be using QSH as a short form for Qin
  Shihuang from now on? You didnt? Now you do!
• QSH was obsessed with immortality?

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Did U know that .
QSH joined the existing walls in China to form
the Great Wall of China? It took 10 years and
300,000 men to strengthen, join and extend the
Great Wall of China during the rule of QSH? The
Great Wall is the only man-made structure that
can be seen by the naked eye from the moon?
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The Story of Prince Zheng

• Born in 259 B.C.
• Succeeded the throne at the age of 13
• At 21, he discovered a plot by the PM to topple
  him
• Forced the PM to commit suicide
• As King of Qin, he sent his army to conquer the
  other 6 feudal states

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The Story of Prince Zheng

• By 221 B.C., all the feudal states were unified
  under one ruler for the first time in Chinese
  history
• He called himself the First Emperor of Qin or
  Qin Shihuang
• First Emperor of China
• For the next 2,200 years, rulers after him took
  on the title of Emperor

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BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
One Central Government
One System of Law and Order
One School of Thought
7 1s
One Form of Writing
One Set of Measures for Trade
One Standard Length for Axles
One System of Coinage for Trade
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BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
One Central Government
36 Provinces
Each Province
Military Governor Civilian Governor Inspector
Did not have land or army. Why? Rewarded with
money and presents
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BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
BELL
One Central Government
Move powerful families from former feudal states
to his capital at Xianyang. Why?
All weapons (apart from his own) were collected
and melted down to make bronze bells and huge
statues
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BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER

• Forced Labour
• Execution
• Through punishments, QSH forced people to accept
  changes that he introduced

One System of Law and Order

• One common set of laws to unify China
• Very strict laws to control the people
• Harsh punishment for breaking the law

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BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER

• Previously, people from different states had
  different forms of writing
• QSH introduced one form of writing
• China has only one form of writing since then

One Form of Writing
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BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER

• Length of all axles standardized to 2 metres.
• Movement of people and transportation of goods
  became easier.

One Standard Length of Axle
QSH ordered wide roads to be built from the
capital to all parts of China. WHY?
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BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER

• Different types of coins were used in the Zhou
  Dynasty
• QSH ordered only one type of coinage to be used
• Coins of this shape remained in use for the next
  2,000 years

One System of Coinage
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BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER

• Ordered a standard set of weights and measures to
  be used throughout his empire
• made trading and collection of taxes easier

One Set of Measures
QSH noticed that different sets of measures used
resulted in quarrels between merchants. Also made
collection of taxes(in the form of goods)
difficult.
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BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER

• Burnt all books that express views different
  from his own
• SPARED
• Official chronicles kept in the state of imperial
  library
• Books on divination, medicine and agriculture

One School of Thought
Legalist School of Thought Controlling the
peoples action was not enough Wanted to control
their way of thinking. WHY?
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BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER

• Punishment for non-compliance
• Banished his eldest son for opposing his action
• QSH believed that he could unify the thinking of
  his people destroy all records of Chinese
  history before his rule
• Some non-Legalist writings were saved
• QSH failed in controlling the thoughts of his
  people

One School of Thought
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BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER
One Central Government
One System of Law and Order
One School of Thought
7 1s
One Form of Writing
One Set of Measures for Trade
One Standard Length for Axles
One System of Coinage for Trade
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Defending China

• The Great Wall of China
• 221 BC Form one continuous wall across the
  northern borders of China
• 10 years to complete
• about 6400 km in length today
• Countless died while building the Great Wall for
  QSH, incurring him great hatred by the people

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QSH's Tomb and His Death

• Lifelong project of building his tomb
• Obsessed with immortality
• Search for the Elixir of Life
• 510 BC QSH fell ill and died at the age of 50
• Qin Dynasty fell quickly after his death

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QSH's Tomb
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QSH's Tomb
Mount Li
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QSH's Tomb
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PITS
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PITS
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QSH's Tomb
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QSH's Tomb
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Terracotta Warriors
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Men At Work
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Han Dynasty
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Han Dynasty

• Lasted for more than 400 years
• Founder Han Gaozu
• Adopted Confucianism as the state-supported
  school of thought
• Wanted to people to respect and obey him
• Rejected Legalism

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Han Dynasty

• Han emperors extended territory
• Ruled peacefully
• To support wars and its army, govt established
  monopolies in salt, iron and coin business
• Obtained much profit from this

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Han Government

• Han empire divided into provinces
• Sub-divided into districts
• Districts governed by salaried officials
• Officers supposed to be promoted by merit
• This seldom happened
• Few men from humble background entered the govt

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Han Wudi

• Most powerful Han ruler
• Set up the Imperial Examination System (remember
  Confucius?)
• Need to pass this exam to serve the govt
• Established a tradition of a set way of thinking
  influenced by the teachings of Confucius

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Achievements of the Han Dynasty

• Sons of Han Han People
• Invention of Paper
• The First Seismograph
• Equipment to measure when and where an earthquake
  occurred
• Iron and Salt Industries
• Advanced methods of iron-making and salt-mining
• Sima Qian
• Famous Chinese historian

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• A.D. 618 to A.D. 907
• Lasted almost 300 years
• Stability and wealth
• Early Tang Rulers
• Did much to strengthen the defence of China
• Extended the Great Wall of China

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Tang Taizong

• A.D. 626 to A.D. 644
• Taizongs style was different from QSH
• Consultative leadership
• Consulted his officials
• Encouraged them to report weaknesses of govt to
  him
• Considered why dynasties before him fell
• Continued the Imperial Examination System
• Obtained the services of the best men to rule the
  country

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Wu Zetian

• Chinas first woman ruler Wu Zetian
• A.D. 690 to A.D. 705
• Changes made to central government
• Previously, men who succeeded in govt were sons
  of noblemen
• Wu opened the IE to commoners
• Now, even the son of a farmer could become a
  court official if he passed the IE
• Tang Dynasty came to an end in 10th century A.D.

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Wu Zetian
Statue of a seated Buddha that the Empress Wu
Zetian had carved into the 1000 Buddha Caves at
Luoyang, China. The face is suppose to resemble
the empress.
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Tang Dynasty Golden Age of China

• Strongest and richest period
• Peace and stability
• Trade flourished
• Literature and the Arts flourished
• Li Bai
• Invention of Printing
• The worlds first printed book The Diamond
  Sutra
• a collection of Buddhist prayers
• China open to foreign influence and trade

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The Diamond Sutra
Frontispiece (detail), showing the Buddha
preaching to his aged disciple Subhuti This
scroll was found in 1907 by the archaeologist Sir
Marc Aurel Stein in a walled-up cave at the
'Caves of the Thousand Buddhas', near Dunhuang,
in North-West China. It was one of a small number
of printed items among many thousands of
manuscripts, comprising a library which must have
been sealed up in about AD 1000. Although not the
earliest example of blockprinting, it is the
earliest which bears an actual date. The
colophon, at the inner end, reads Reverently
caused to be made for universal free
distribution by Wang Jie on behalf of his two
parents on the 13th of the 4th moon of the 9th
year of Xiantong i.e. 11th May, AD 868'.
Source http//www.bl.uk/collections/treasures/
diamond.html
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• Funan
• 1st to 6th century A.D.
• Srivijaya
• 7th to 13th century A.D.
• Majapahit
• Late 13th to early 16th century A.D.
• Melaka
• 15th to early 16th century A.D.

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• Funan 1st to 6th century A.D.
• Became important in mainland SEA in 1st century
  A.D.
• Founded by a Indian Brahmin
• Married a local queen and became the first king
• Funan rose to power because of trade and
  agriculture
• Land in Funan was fertile people mainly farmers
• Irrigation was carried out
• Form of writing Indian script

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• Funan 1st to 6th century A.D.
• Traders India, Sumatra java
• Visited Oc-eo, the main port, on their way to
  China
• Funan declined by the 5th century A.D.

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• Srivijaya 7th to 13th century A.D.
• Srivijaya established by chiefs of Sumatra in
  late 7th century A.D.
• It was not located on fertile plains
• Grew up around the port of Palembang
• Well-located near the Straits of Melaka

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• Srivijaya 7th to 13th century A.D.
• Rulers of Palembang made it an attractive port
  for traders
• Suppress piracy in the surrounding waters
• Also conquered many territories
• Gained control over its rival ports
• Declined in the 13th century A.D.

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• Srivijaya 7th to 13th century A.D.
• New kingdom Majapahit
• By 15th century A.D., control of trade shifted to
  Melaka
• More in Chap 7

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• Melaka Sultanate founded by a Hindu prince,
  Parameswara from Palembang
• Lasted more than a century
• Rose to become an important trading centre under
  Parameswara

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• 2 social classes
• Upper Class Nobles and traders
• Owned huge houses and slaves
• Lower Class People engaged in hunting, fishing
  collecting tin ore

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• Many foreigners in Melaka
• Come from India, Arabia and China to trade
• Javanese hired as soldiers of war by Melakan
  rulers

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• PARAMESWARAS LEADERSHIP
• Reasons why foreigners traded at Melaka
• P was a resourceful leader
• Took advantage of Melakas strategic location to
  promote trade
• Suppressed piracy along the Straits of Melaka
• Introduced an effective system of administration
• He was helped by an Inner Council of Four
• And also other govt officials and village chiefs

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• GOVERNMENT IN MELAKA
• System of taxation fair
• Foreigners pay 6 in tax
• An additional 1 in gifts
• Harbour masters (Shahbandars) looked after
  harbour activities and welfare of traders
• Standard systems of weights and measures, as well
  as coins, were used. Why?

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• GOVERNMENT IN MELAKA
• P became a Muslim by marrying a Muslim princess
• Melaka now ruled by a Muslim ruler
• Muslim traders from India, Arabia the Malay
  Archipelago began trading with Melaka
• Melaka prospered through trade

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• GOVERNMENT IN MELAKA
• Rulers not only collected taxes and gifts from
  traders, they also owned trading ships and took
  part in trade

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• GOVERNMENT IN MELAKA
• Siam posed an external threat to Melaka
• P had to send tributes (gifts) to Siam to prevent
  attacks from Siam
• His fear of Siam was lessened in 1403
• He won the support of China
• The Ming Emperor, Yong Le, recognised Melaka as a
  vassel of China
• Said he would protect it from any Siamese attack

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• GOVERNMENT IN MELAKA
• Melaka became more powerful in the mid 15th
  century during the rule of Sultan Mansur Shah
• Capable Bendahara (Chief Minister) Tun Perak
• Laksamana (Admiral) Hang Tuah
• During this time, Melaka furthered its
  territorial conquest
• Took over Pahang, Kedah, Trengganu and some
  states in Sumatra

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• GOVERNMENT IN MELAKA
• Soon Melaka controlled many states on both sides
  of the Straits of Melaka
• Strongest state in the Malay Archipelago
• The conquered states were not tightly controlled
  by the govt in Melaka
• With territorial expansion, trade of Melaka
  increased in volume
• Large variety of goods were bought and sold

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