Energy in Earth

1
Table of Contents

• Energy in Earths Atmosphere
• Heat Transfer
• Winds
• Water in the Atmosphere
• Precipitation

2
Energy From the Sun
- Energy in Earths Atmosphere

• Most of the energy from the sun travels to Earth
  in the form of visible light and infrared
  radiation. A small amount arrives as ultraviolet
  radiation.

3
Energy in the Atmosphere
- Energy in Earths Atmosphere

• Some sunlight is absorbed or reflected by the
  atmosphere. The rest passes through to the
  surface.

4
Greenhouse Effect
- Energy in Earths Atmosphere

• When Earths surface is heated, it radiates most
  of the energy back into the atmosphere as
  infrared radiation. Much of this energy is held
  by the atmosphere, warming it.

5
Sequencing
- Energy in Earths Atmosphere

• As you read, make a flowchart that shows how the
  suns energy reaches Earths surface.

How Earths Atmosphere Gets Energy
Sun gives off energy.
Energy travels to Earth as electromagnetic
radiation.
Some of the suns energy is reflected back into
space or absorbed by gases or particles in the
air.
The remaining energy is absorbed or reflected by
the surface.
Much of the energy absorbed by the surface is
radiated back into the atmosphere.
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Links on Energy in Earths Atmosphere
- Energy in Earths Atmosphere

• Click the SciLinks button for links on energy in
  Earths atmosphere.

7
End of SectionEnergy in Earths Atmosphere
8
Temperature and theMovement of Molecules
- Heat Transfer

• The iced tea is cold, so its molecules move
  slowly. The herbal tea is hot, so its molecules
  move faster than the molecules in the iced tea.

9
Converting Units
- Heat Transfer

• Temperatures in weather reports are usually given
  in Fahrenheit scale, but scientists use the
  Celsius scale. Temperature readings can be
  converted from the Fahrenheit scale to the
  Celsius scale using the following equation
• If the temperature is 68ºF, what is the
  temperature in degrees Celsius?
• ºC 20ºC

10
Converting Units
- Heat Transfer

• Practice Problem
• Use the equation to convert the following
  temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius.
• 35.0ºF

• 1.67ºC

11
Converting Units
- Heat Transfer

• Practice Problem
• Use the equation to convert the following
  temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius.
• 60.0ºF

• 15.6ºC

12
Converting Units
- Heat Transfer

• Practice Problem
• Use the equation to convert the following
  temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius.
• 72.0ºF

• 22.2ºC

13
How Heat Is Transferred
- Heat Transfer

• Heat is transferred in three ways radiation,
  conduction, and convection.

14
Outlining
- Heat Transfer

• As you read, make an outline about how heat is
  transferred. Use the red headings for the main
  topics and the blue headings for the subtopics.

Heat Transfer

• Thermal Energy and Temperature
• Measuring Temperature
• Temperature Scales
• How Heat Is Transferred
• Radiation
• Conduction
• Convection
• Heating the Troposphere

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Links on Heat Transfer
- Heat Transfer

• Click the SciLinks button for links on heat
  transfer.

16
Heat Transfer
- Heat Transfer

• Click the Video button to watch a movie about
  heat transfer.

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End of SectionHeat Transfer
18
Angle of the Suns Rays
- Winds

• Energy from the sun strikes Earth most directly
  near the equator. Near the poles, the same amount
  of energy is spread out over a larger area.

19
Coriolis Effect
- Winds

• As Earth rotates, the Coriolis effect turns winds
  in the Northern Hemisphere toward the right.

20
Global Wind Belts
- Winds

• A series of wind belts circles Earth. Between the
  wind belts are calm areas where air is rising or
  falling.

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Global Winds Activity
- Winds

• Click the Active Art button to open a browser
  window and access Active Art about global winds.

22
Jet Streams
- Winds

• The jet streams are high-speed bands of winds
  occurring at the top of the troposphere.

23
Relating Cause and Effect
- Winds

• As you read, identify how the unequal heating of
  the atmosphere causes the air to move. Write the
  information in a graphic organizer like the one
  below.

Effects
Warm air expands, becomes less dense, and rises.
Cause
Cold, more dense air sinks.
Unequal heating of the atmosphere
Dense cold air has a higher pressure than less
dense warm air. Wind blows from areas of higher
pressure to areas of lower pressure.
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Convection Currents
- Winds

• Click the Video button to watch a movie
  aboutconvection currents.

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End of SectionWinds
26
Water Cycle Activity
- Water in the Atmosphere

• Click the Active Art button to open a browser
  window and access Active Art about the water
  cycle.

27
Determining Relative Humidity
- Water in the Atmosphere

• Relative humidity is affected by temperature. Use
  the data table to answer the following questions.
  First, find the dry-bulb temperature in the left
  column of the table. Then find the difference
  between the wet- and dry-bulb temperatures across
  the top of the table. The number in the table
  where these two readings intersect indicates the
  relative humidity in percent.

28
Determining Relative Humidity
- Water in the Atmosphere

• Interpreting Data
• At noon, the reading on a sling psychrometer are
  18ºC for the dry-bulb thermometer and 14ºC for
  the wet-bulb thermometer. What is the relative
  humidity?

• 64

29
Determining Relative Humidity
- Water in the Atmosphere

• Interpreting Data
• At 5 p.m., the psychrometer is used again. The
  reading on the dry-bulb thermometer is 12ºC and
  the reading on the wet-bulb thermometer is 11ºC.
  Determine the new relative humidity.

• 88

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Determining Relative Humidity
- Water in the Atmosphere

• Interpreting Data
• How did the temperature change between noon and5
  P.M.?

• It decreased from 18 degrees to 12 degrees.

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Determining Relative Humidity
- Water in the Atmosphere

• Interpreting Data
• How did the relative humidity change during the
  course of the day?

• It increased.

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Determining Relative Humidity
- Water in the Atmosphere

• Drawing Conclusions
• How was the relative humidity affected by air
  temperature? Explain your answer.

• For the same amount of water in the air, as the
  temperature decreases, the relative humidity
  increases. Warm air can hold more moisture than
  cool air can.

33
How Clouds Form
- Water in the Atmosphere

• Clouds form when warm, moist air rises and cools.
  Water vapor condenses on tiny particles to form
  liquid water or ice crystals.

34
Types of Clouds
- Water in the Atmosphere

• Scientists classify clouds into three main types
  based on their shape cirrus, cumulus, and
  stratus. Clouds are further classified by their
  altitude.

35
Asking Questions
- Water in the Atmosphere

• Before you read, preview the red headings. In a
  graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what
  or how question for each heading. As you read,
  write answers to your questions.

Question
Answer
How does the water cycle work?
Water evaporates from the surface, condenses to
form clouds, and falls to Earth as rain or snow.
What is relative humidity?
The percentage of water vapor in the air compared
to the maximum amount air can hold at that
temperature
How do clouds form?
Water in the air condenses on tiny particles in
the air to form liquid water or crystals.
Can you determine weather conditions by looking
at clouds?
Yes each type of cloud is associated with a
particular type of weather.
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End of SectionWater in the Atmosphere
37
Water Droplets
- Precipitation

• Droplets come in many sizes. A raindrop has about
  one million times as much water in it as a cloud
  droplet.

38
How Hail Forms
- Precipitation

• Hailstones start as small pellets of ice in
  cumulonimbus clouds. They grow larger as they are
  repeatedly tossed up and down until they become
  so heavy they fall to the ground.

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Measuring Precipitation
- Precipitation

• Scientists measure precipitation with various
  instruments, including rain gauges.

40
Using Prior Knowledge
- Precipitation

• Before you read, look at the section headings and
  visuals to see what this section is about. Then
  write what you know about precipitation in a
  graphic organizer like the one below. As you
  read, write what you learn.

What You Know

1. Precipitation can be rain or snow.
2. Precipitation comes from clouds.

What You Learned

1. Sleet, freezing rain, and hail are forms of
   precipitation.
2. Droplets or ice crystals in clouds must grow
   heavy enough to fall through the air before
   precipitation occurs.

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Links on Precipitation
- Precipitation

• Click the SciLinks button for links on
  precipitation.

42
End of SectionPrecipitation
43
Graphic Organizer

Global winds
Prevailing westerlies
Polar easterlies
Sea breeze
Land breeze
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End of SectionGraphic Organizer