The Islamic Empires

1
The Islamic Empires

• 1450 - 1800

2
Concepts Terms

• Ethnocentrism
• Safi al-Din
• Sulemaniye Mosque
• Imams
• Mullahs
• Shah
• Padishah

• Janissaries
• Vizier
• Chalderan
• Isfahan
• Sikhs
• Marattas

3
People

• Mehmed II
• Abbas I Great
• Babur
• Humayan
• Akbar
• Din-i-Ilahi

• Nadir Khan Afsher
• Mumtaz Mahal
• Aurangzeb
• Nur Jahan
• Ismail
• Safi al-Din

4
Ottoman
5
Safavid
6
Essential Questions

• How did the Shia / Sunni split effect relations
  in Dar al-Islam 1450 to 1800?
• What is the political difference b/w the Ottomans
  and the Safavids?
• How does cultural conservatism impact the future
  of the Ottoman Empire?
• Why is there little impact from the biological
  exchanges of exploration in Dar al-Islam?

7
Ottoman Empire

• Osman Bey
• Founder
• Central Asian steppes- original location Turks
• Powerful military
• Ghazi - light cavalry
• Janissaries slave troops
• DEVSHIRME Balkan contributions
• Young Christian boys slave tribute
• Captured Constantinople 1453 Istanbul
• Expanded into Serbia, Greece, Albania

8
Constantinople / Istanbul
9
Ottoman Expansion

• Suleiman the Magnificent
  1495-1556
• Into Syria Egypt -Southwest Asia
• Middle East
• Into Europe
• To Vienna, Italy, Malta
• Powerful navy
• Challenged European fleets
• Lepanto defeated by Spain 1571

10
Ottoman Safavid Rivalry

• Safavid Shah
• Shia
• Successors of Persia
• Less secular
• Ruled from Iran
• Defeated Uzbeks
• Central Asia

• Ottomans
• Ruled from Turkey
• Sunni
• Persecuted Shia
• Secular Government
• Victory at Chalderan

11
Safavid Empire / Shah Abbas
12
Mughal Dynasty

• Babur
• Descendent of Timur I lang
• Akbar
• Centralized government
• Expanded into southern
  India
• Aurangzeb
• Entire Indian subcontinent
• Provoked the hostility of Hindus
• Taxation destroyed Hindu temples

13
Ottoman Imperial Rule

• Dynastic state not Islamic state
• Military creation
• Prestige authority derived from piety
• Sultans Turk Ruler
• Ruled w/o regard to religious or social
  traditions
• Contested succession

14
Agriculture

• Food and cash crops
• Wheat rice
• Tobacco
• Coffee houses b/c popular
• American crops did not impact
  greatly
• Result gt low population growth

15
Trade

• Ottoman Safavid
• Occupied trade routes
• Active involvement in global trade
• Precludes the need to participate in New World
  trade.
• Mughal
• Not as focused on trade
• Empire was enriched by trade
• Because of location

16
Wealth Through Trade
17
Religion Empire

• Diversity often challenged rule
• Christian missions
• Goa - center of Portuguese missions
• Jesuits - failed to convert Akbar who embraced
  the synchronized religion of Sikhs
• Religious minorities
• Conquered people protected
• Cooperation b/w Muslims Hindus

18
Mughal
GOA
19
Famous Buildings
20
Taj Mahal
                  ltgt
21
Islamic Capitals

• ISTANBUL
• Constantinople
• Ottoman Empire
• Topkapi Palace
• Sultans residence
• Suleymaniye
• blend of Byzantine and Islamic elements

• Fatehpur Sikri
• abandoned b/c poor water supply
• Mughal Empire
• Taj Mahal
• famous tomb and mosque

22
Empires in Transition

• Deterioration of Leadership 16th 18th Centuries
• negligent rulers - factions - corruption
• Religious tensions b/c conservatives
• Abandoned religious tolerance
• Ottomans- protested telescope printing press
• Safavids-persecuted Sunnis, Sufis, non-Muslims
• Mughals- Aurangzebs anti-Hindu policies

23
Decline

• ECONOMIC DECLINE
• Reversal of expansion caused
• Official taxation
• Corruption
• Lost initiatives to European merchants

• MILITARY DECLINE
• Imported European weapons
• No internal armament industries
• Unable to maintain technological edge in armaments

24
Cultural Insularity

• Ottomans
• Banned printing in Arabic Turkish
• Mughals
• no interest in printing technology
• Islamic rulers preferred stability
• avoided the risks of imported cultural
  technological innovations

• Cultural Conservatism
• Confident of cultural superiority
• Ignored European cultural technological
  developments

25
Enduring Question

• Give examples of cultural conservatism cultural
  insularity at work in the world today.