Objectives

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Objectives

• Explain how Muslims were able to conquer many
  lands.
• Identify the divisions that emerged within Islam.
• Explain the rise and fall of different Muslim
  dynasties.

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The Spread of Islam

• -Muhammad died in 632. Problem?
• -Abu-Bakr is elected as the first caliph.
  (Successor or deputy)
• -Abu-Bakr and the next three caliphs known as the
  rightly guided

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The Split

• Shiite group resisted the ruling party and felt
  that the caliph needed to be a relative of
  Muhammad.
• Sunni group did not overly resist, felt successor
  should be a pious Muslim.

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Expansion

• Armies grew stronger as the conquered lands
  became part of the military.
• Continued successes
• Jihad, religious beliefs

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Why the Success?

• Highly organized/loyal/religious armies
• Attacking weak Byzantine/Persian empires

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Muslim Toleration

• Why did many societies welcome invading Muslims?
• liked lack of clergy, liked religion, oftentimes
  treated with more toleration.
• They also allowed conquered peoples to continue
  to hold prestigious positions.

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Internal Conflict

• Umayyad set up a hereditary system and changed
  the capital to Damascus. Why?
• Spread into Spain/Europe.

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Umayyad Mosque in Damascus
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Impact on Middle Ages

• While Islam threatened Europe, the Church was
  growing as well. War inevitable?
• Also influenced learning/advances in Dark Ages.

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Architecture
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Abbasids

• Helped to overthrow the Umayyad in 750, and
  murder all of the family, except for one member .
• Changed capital to Baghdad for economic,
  political, geographic reasons.
• Created vast bureaucracy

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Seljuk Turks

• Quick expansion
• Chief rival to Byzantine Empire
• threat would cause Crusades.

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New Civilization

• Trade and expansion. Common currency/ make it
  easy.
• Common languages, religion, enemies led to new
  unity and urbanized society.

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Cities

• With trade came cities and advances.

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Society

• Large of slaves
• Stratified society
• Harsh treatment of women

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Arts and Sciences

• medicine/location
• Scientific experimentation
• Mathematic advancements (al-jabr)
• Astronomy
• Literature
• art
• Building off of others ideas

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Architecture

• Cultural diffusion led to advances
• Arabesques