2

1
????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????
2
????? ?????

• ????? ???? ?? 3 ??? ????? ?? ???
• 1- ???? ??????????
• ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??
  .
• 2 ???? ????????
• ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ???
  ???? ??? ?? ???.
• 3- ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?????
• ??????? ??? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????

3
???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????

• ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????
  ????? ? ????? ???
• Intreface ??
• Workstation
• ????? ??? PACS
• ??????? ID
• ????? ?? CR

4
???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????

• ????? ??? ????? ?? 15 ??? ????? ?? ???? ????
  ????????? ????? ???
• ??????? ???? ?????????? Workstation (SMPTE)
• ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? QC
• ????? ??????? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????
  
• ???? ???? screen ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????

5
???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????

• ???? (?????????)
• ????? ???? ?? ? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
  ???
• ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????
• ???? ????? QC. log ? ??????? tolerance ??.

6
???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????

• ??????? (????????)
• ????? ??? ???
• ??? ????
• Sinsitivity
• ????????
• ??????? ????? ?????
• ???? ???? ?????? baseline ???? ??? ??? ?????
• ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ???????

7
????? ??? ????? ????
???? ?????????? CR ) ?? ????? ????( ? ??????
??? flat panel ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???

• Homogeneity
• Dynamic Range,
• Contrast Resolution
• Threshold Contrast Detail Detectability,
• Limiting Spatial Resolution
• Geometry Distortion

?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ? ?? ????? ?
?????? ??????? ????? ???.
8
????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????
9
????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??
????? ???? ?? ?????

1. ?? ?????? (Homogeneity)
2. ????? ?????? ???? (Dynamic Range)
3. ???? ????? ??????? (Threshold Contrast
   Resolution)
4. ???? ????? ????? (Limiting Spatial Resolution)
5. ???????(Artifact)
6. ?????? (Distortion)
7. ?????????? ???? ?????? (Sensitivity Index
   Monitoring)

10
?????? ??? ????? ????
?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????
CR ) ?? ????? ????( ? ?????? ??? flat panel
???? ??? ?? ????

• Leeds TO 20 Threshold Contrast Test Object
• Leeds TOR 18 FG Test Object
• Leeds TO M1 Geometry Test Object
• Pehamed DIGRAD Phantom
• Wellhofer DIGI-13 Phantom

11
TO 20 - Leeds Test ObjectsThreshold Contrast -
Digital Subtraction Fluoroscopy
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????

• ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???
  ? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????
  ????????? ??? ????.
• ??????
• Size range 11mm to 0.25mm.
• 44 details A range of 12 sizes, 12 contrasts. 
• Contrast range 0.0014 to 0.924 _at_ 70kV, 1.5mm Cu
  filtration

12
Leeds TOR 18 FG Test Object
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????

• ??? ????? ????
• ????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????
• ?????? ???? ???? ????? (0.5 to 5.0LP/mm)
• Low contrast detail detectibility ( ?????
  18detail ???? 8mm ? ????? ??????? ??? 0.009 ??
  0.167 ?? ????? 70kE ?? ????? 1mmCu) .
• ?????? ???? circular geometry

13
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????
Leeds mesh TO.MS

• Leeds mesh TO.MS

?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ?????
???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???.
??? ????? ? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? mm
TO.MS1 0.64
TO MS3 0.86
TO MS4 1.23
14
Leeds TO M1 Geometry Test Object
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????

• ??? ????? ???? ????? Distortion ???? ?? ???.
• ?? ?????? 15x15 ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????
  ????? ?? 2cmx2cm ??????. ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??????
  ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???.

15
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????
Leeds jig test object TO.J3. Log/Linear
subtraction ADC and DAC operation .

• ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????
  ?????????? ???? ?? ???
• ????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?????
  ????? gray scale
• ????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? hard copy
• ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????
• ??? ??? ?????
• 10 step wedge ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?
• 9 step wedge ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????
  ???? ????.

16
?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????Leeds TO M1
Geometry Test Object
???? ?????? Distortion ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???.
?? ??? ????? D(x) ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????
20mmx20mm ????? D(y) ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????
14cmx14cm X ??? ????? ???? ????? Y ??? ????? ????
???? (14cm)
17
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????

• Leeds limiting resolution test object
• (Hüttner type 18)

??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????
18
????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????
(Hüttner type 18)

• ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???
• ???? ???? ? ????? ?
• ????? (???? 50 kV)
• ???? ?? ??? ??? II (???? 1mGy/s)
• ???? ????? full field? ????????? 1? ?????????
  2? ???? ??

???? ???? ???? ?????LP/mm ???? ?????? ????? ????? cm
10 ????? ?? 0.9 36
10 ????? ?? 1.12 30
10 ????? ?? 1.2 23
10 ????? ?? 1.6 15
19
?????? DIGRAD ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????
20
?????? ????? ???? Pehamed DIGRAD Phantom
??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????
DIN6868-12 ????? ??? ???

1. Dynamic range,
2. Detail detectability,
3. Spatial resolution
4. Homogeneity
5. Light field / x-ray field

21
????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????
??????? (Digrad)

• ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ?????
  ???? ???? ???? ???.
• ????? ??? ???? ????? 18x24 ????? ???.
• ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????
  ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???
  ????.
• ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????.

????? ????? ???
22
?????? ????? ????? ????
????? ?????? Pehamed

• ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ?????
  ???? ???? ???? ???.
• ????? ??? ???? ????? 18x24 ????? ???.
• ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????
  ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???
  ????.
• ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?
  ????? ?????? ????.

23
???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????
24
????? ?????????

• DIN 6868-58 (2001) and 6868-13 (2002) Acceptance
  testing and constancy checks of projection
  radiography systems with digital image receptors
• German standard for testing of PSP systems
  using a specially designed phantom to measure
  image quality parameters
• IEC 62220-01 (2003) Method for determining
  Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) of digital
  imaging systems
• AAPM Task Group 10 (TG10) Acceptance Testing
  and Quality Control of Photostimulable Phosphor
  Imaging Systems.
• KCARE DDR Commissioning and Annual QA protocol
  Draft 8.0, 2005

25
??? ??? ????? ????????????? ???????
26
1- ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????Light field /
X-ray field
?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??
DIN6868-12 ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????
???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???
27
1- ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????Light field /
X-ray field
?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? (cm) ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? (cm) ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? (cm) ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? (cm) ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? (cm) ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? (cm) ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? (cm) ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? (cm)
??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????
???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????



??? ?????? ????
????? ??????
???? ?????? ???? ?? FDD
????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? FDD ???? ????
?? 3 ????
28
2- ?? ?????? ????? Image receptor dose

• ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ( ????? ???
  ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???).

• ????? ??????
• ??? ?????? ????? ???.
• ????? ???? ????? 1mmCu ???? ???? ? ??? ??????
  ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???.
• ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????
  ?????? ???.

29
2- ?? ?????? ????? Image receptor dose

1. ????? ?? ??? kV70 ????? ??????.
2. ?? ??? ??? ?????? mAs ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???
   ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????.
3. ?????? ???? ?? 10mGy ????? ????? ???

Dose?? ??? ?????? ????? mGy (?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????) Dose ?????? ???? ??? mGy mAs Dose ?????? mGy kV
10 70
10 70
1 70
4 70
12 70
50 70
30
2- ?? ?????? ????? Image receptor dose
???? Dose/mAs ?? ????? ? ?? ?? ??? ? ???? ???
???? ?? ?????? ??????.
????? ???? ????? Dose/mAs Dose mGy mAs kV
?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? 25 ???? 10 70
?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? 25 ???? 10 70
???? ??? ???? ???? ?? 0.1 ????. 1 70
???? ??? ???? ???? ?? 0.1 ????. 4 70
???? ??? ???? ???? ?? 0.1 ????. 12 70
???? ??? ???? ???? ?? 0.1 ????. 50 70
31
??????? ??

• ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????
  ????? ??? ???
• Agfa Medical Systems . . . . . . . . lgM number
• Eastman Kodak Company . . . . . . . Exposure
  Index (EI)
• Imaging Dynamic Corp (IDC) . . . F-number
• Konica and Fuji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  S-value
• ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?????
  AAPM TG116 ?? ??? ???? ?? ????.

32
2- ?? ?????? ????? Image receptor dose

• ???? ??? CR
• ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? DT ?????? ??????? ???
  ????????? CR
• ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???
  ???? ????? ????? ???
• ??? CR ????? ?? ????? Fuji ???? ???? ?????
  1mmCu ??????? ???.
• ??? CR ????? ?? ????? Kodak ???? ???? ????
  ????? 1mmCu ?? ????? 1mmAl0.5mmCu ????? ????
  ???? ???? ???.

33
3-Dark Noise

• ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? CR ( ?????? ????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????).
• ??? ??????
• ???????? ?? ???? ? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????
  ???.
• ????? ???????kV50 ? mAs0.5
• ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???
  ???.
• ??????? pixel value ?? ?? ROI ?? ????? ???????
  dark noise ??? ??????.
• ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????

Pixel value Dose ??????? ?????? ????? mAs kV
0 0.5 50
0 0.5 50
0 0.5 50
??????? dark noise ??????? dark noise ??????? dark noise
34
3-Dark Noise

• ?????
• ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??
  ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ? ???? ??????? ????.
• ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????
  ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??
  ???.

??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????
Agfa system SALlt100
Fuji Pixel valuelt280
Kodal, GP plate EIlt80
Kodak, other plate EIlt380
Konica pixel value gt3975 ???? ?????? ???
35
4- ????????? ???? ??????Signal Standardization

• 1- ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???
  ?????? ????? 10mGy ????.
• 2- ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? A (????? ???? ???
  dynamic range) ?????? ???? ????.
• 3- ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? A
  (????? ???? ??? dynamic range) ?????? ???? ????.
• ????? ?????
• ??????? ???? ??? 1.0 ?? 1.5 ????.
• ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? 0.2
  ????.
• ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????
  ?????? ???? ???? ?? 50 ????.

36
5- Linearity

• ???
• ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ? pixelvalue
• ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? (?? ??
  ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????) ?? ?? ???????
  ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????

37
5- Linearity

• ????? ??????
• ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?
  ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????.
• ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???.

Pixel value ?? ???? ????? Dose ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? mGy Dose ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? 30cm ?????? mGy mAs Dose ?????? mGy kV
1 70
4 70
12 70
50 70

• mAs ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????
  ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????.

38
5- Linearity

• ????? ??????? pixel value ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????.
  
• ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? dark noise ??
  ??? ????? ???.

39
5- Linearity

• ?????? ????? ???? ???? (????? ??? ?? ? pixel
  Value) ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? trend-line ??????
  excel ???? ?????.
• Dose f (pixel value)
• ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??
  ???? ????? ?????? STP???? ?????.
• System Transfer Properties
• ????? ?????
• - trend-line ????? ??? ?? ?????? excell ????
  ????? R2gt0.95 ?? ???? ???.
• ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ??
  ????? ???? .
• ???? ????? STP ? ?dark noise ??????? ????? ????
  ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? base line ??
  ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????.

40
5- Linearity

• ???? ??? CR
• ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? CR ????? ???
  ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ????
  ??? ???? ???
• ????? ???? 24x30 cm
• ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? 1mGy ???? ?? ?? 5 ?????
  ??? ???? ? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???????
• Agfa S200, system diagnosis/flat field
  proccessing
• Kodak Pattern mode body part.
• Fuji Semi-auto,L1 or 2
• Konika QC S-value,E anf F processing turnned off

41
5- Linearity

• ???? ??? CR
• 3. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????
• Agfa SAL ( ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????
  10000 ?????ROI?? )
• Kodak Exposue index (EI)
• Fuji Linearity mode (S200)
• Konica Fix mode
• 4. ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????
• ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? SAL ?? ?????? ROI ????
  ?? ???.
• ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????
  ?? ?????? ROI ??? work station ????? ???.

42
6- ????? ????? Image retention

• ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????
  ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???.

• ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? 3 ????? ???
• ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????
  ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????.(??? ?????? ?????
  ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????
  ???? ? ??????? ????? ???? kV50 ? mAs0.5
  ??????? ???.
• ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ( ???
  ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????
  5x5cm ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?????
  kV70 ???? 4 ???????? ??????? ???).
• ????? ??? ( ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???) ???? ??
  ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???
  ????? blank ???? ???.

43
6- ????? ????? Image retention
44
6- ????? ????? Image retention

• ?????
• ??? ??????? ?? Window ?????? level ?? ?????
  ????.
• ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????
  ????? ??? ?????? ????.
• ?? ???? ?????? ????? pixel value ????? ???? ???
  ? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ?? ????.
• ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? pixel value ( ?????linearity )
  ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? pixel value ?? ?? ????
  ?????.

?? ???? ?? ????? Pixel value ?? ?? ????? ????? Pixel value ?? ?? ????? Pixel value ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? pixel value ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???

45
7- Detector dose indicator consistency
????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??
???? ?? ???.

• ????? ??????
• ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????

• ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????
  ????? ?????? ??? ???.
• ?? ????? 70kV? mAs ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????
  ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? 10mGy ????.
• ?????? ???? ?? ??? 1 ? 12 ????? ???? ( ?? ??????
  ???? ?? ??) ??? ????? ???.

• ?????? ?????? ?????? LUT ? ??????? ?? ?? ????
  ????? ???? window level ? window with ???????
  ??????.
• ?????? ?? ???? ?? 10 ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????.
  ???

46
7- Detector dose indicator consistency
?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? mGy ?? ????? ??? mGy mAs ?? ???? ???? mGy Window Window LUT Name ?????? ????? ?????? ???
?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? mGy ?? ????? ??? mGy mAs ?? ???? ???? mGy width level LUT Name ?????? ????? ?????? ???
10
10
10
1
12
????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??
?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? 20 ?????? ????? ????.
47
???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????
48
7- Detector dose indicator consistency?? ?????
??? CR

• ?? ????? ??? CR ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????.
• ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????
  ??? ???
• ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? S ?????? 200
  ?? 300.
• ???? ?????????? ????? ????? S ?????? 400 ?? 600
  ????.
• ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ? ???? ????? S ??????
  75 ?? 100 ????.
• ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? .

49
7- Detector dose indicator consistency?? ?????
??? CR

• ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? S
• ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???
• ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????-?????? ??.
• ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ? ??? ?????? ??????
  ??? ????? ????.

50
7- Detector dose indicator consistency?? ?????
??? CR
???? ??????? ?????? ??? S ?? ????? ?? ? ?????
?????
?????? (S) ?? ???? ????? ?????
??????? 1000 ???? ?? 0.2mR Under exposed (??????? ????? ?? ???)
??? 600 ?? 1000 ??? 0.2mR ?? 0.3mR Under exposed (?? ???????? ???? ?????)
??? 300 ?? 600 ??? 0.3mR ?? 1.0mR Under exposed (?? ???????? ???? ?????)
??? 150 ?? 300 ??? 1.0mR ?? 1.3mR ????? ???? ????
??? 75 ?? 150 ??? 1.3mR ?? 2.7mR Over exposed (?? ???????? ???? ?????)
??? 50 ?? 75 ??? 2.7mR ?? 4.0mR Over exposed (?? ???????? ???? ?????)
???? ?? 50 ????? ?? 4.0mR Over exposed (? ??????? ????? ?? ???)

51
7- Detector dose indicator consistency?? ?????
??? CR

• ??? ????? AEC
• ??? ???
• ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? 200 ????? ???
• ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????
  ??????? ?? ????
• ??? ???
• ?? ???? s200 ?????? ???. ?? ???? ??? ??????
  ???? AEC ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????
• ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????.
• ??? ??? ??????? ???? ? ????? S ?? ????? ????.

52
????? ?? ???? LUT

• LUT ???? LOOK UP Table ?? ????.
• LUT ???? ?????? ?????? value pixel ????? ??
  ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???.
• ???? ???? LUT ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???
  ??? ? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????.
• ???? x ?? ???? LUT ?????? window ? ???? Y ??????
  Level ??????.
• ?? ????? window ??????? ????? ?? ??? ? ?? ?????
  level ??????? ????? ?? ???.

53
8-Homogenity

• ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? (??? ?? ????
  ????) ?? ????? ????? ??? ???. ?? ??? ????? ???
  ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??
  ????? ???
• ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? (??? ?????? ???????
  ??? ?????)
• ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
• ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????
• ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??
  ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???.
• ?????? ?? ??????? ????.
• ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????
  ??? ??????? ????? ?? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ??
  ???.

54
Homogenity8-
??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?
????? ????? ???.
1- ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? grey
value (gmin ? gmax) ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?
????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???
2- ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ? ?????? grey
value (gmin ? gmax) ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?
????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???.
55
Homogenity8-

• ??? ???
• ????? ?????? ????? ???
• ????? ?? ROI ?? ???? 10000Pixel
• ???? ??????? CV ???? ???? ?? 10 ????.

???? ??????? CVSTD/Mean ?????? ????? STD ??????? mean ????? ?? (?? ???? ????? ) Pixel value ??? ????? ROI ??? ?????
???? ??? ????
???? ??? ??
????? ??? ????
????? ??? ??
????
56
9- ???? ???? ???? Scalling Errors

• ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?
  ????? ??????

FFD150cm kVp60 mAs10 ?????? ???? ?????
10x10cm ?? ????? ?? ???? 1cm ????
???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????
??? X ??? Y ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? X ??? Y ???? ??? ?? ???
????? ????? ??? ??????
????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????
???

• ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? X ? Y ??
  ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? 3 ? ??
  ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? 5 ????.
• ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? 1 0.03 ?
  ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? 1 0.05

57
10- Dynamic Range

• ?? ????????? ??? ????????
• Dynamic Range ?? ????? ?? ? ??????? ????? ????
• ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????????
  ???? ????? ?? ? ?????? ???? ???.
• ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???
  ???? ??? ????? ????? ???.
• ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???.
• ?? ????????? ??? ????????
• Dynamic Range ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????
  ????? ???. ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??
  ???.
• ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???
  ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???.

58
10- Dynamic Range

• ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? DIN6868-12 ?????
  ??? ???
• 7 ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???
  ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??
  ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? a ???? ?? ????.
• ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ROI ?? ??? ????
  ?????? ???
• ??????? ????? ?????? ??ROI ? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ???.
• ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ROI? ??????
  ???? ???.
• ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? dynamic
  range ???.

59
10- Dynamic Range

• ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????
  ?? ??? ??
• ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? (???????
  ????? ?? )? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? a ? ??
  ???????? ?? ???? ????Log(a) ????. (????? ?? ????
  ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????
  ????? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????
  ????? ?? ???

60
10- Dynamic Range

• ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ? ???? a ?? ????.
• ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????
  ???? (???? a ???? ????) ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????
  ?? ????? ???.

61
10- Dynamic Range

• ??? ????? Dynamic range
• ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ROI ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?
  ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????
• ?????? ????????? (Noise)? ??????? (signal) ?? ??
  ROI
• ????? gray level
• ?????? gray level
• ??????? ?? ROI ???? ?? ???? ?????
• ??????? ?? ROI ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??
  ???? (?????? ?????????)
• ????? ??? ??? ROI.

62
11 ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????
?????Threshold Contrast Detail Detectability

• ???
• ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????
• ????? ???? ????
• ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ? ???? ????
  ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????.

63
????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???
11 ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????
?????Threshold Contrast Detail Detectability
64
11 ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????
?????Threshold Contrast Detail Detectability
????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??
65
11 ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????
?????Threshold Contrast Detail Detectability

• ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???
  ????? ????
• ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? mAS ??????
  ???? ???? ????? ????? ??.

66
11- ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? Low Contrast
Response Leeds TO-16
?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???
??? ????? ?? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???
????? ? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? .
3.5 mR
0.5 mR
?? ????? ???? (70kVp ) ?? ?????? ?? ???????
?????? ?? ????.
???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????????
??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?
??????? ????.
67
11- ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??
???????
1mAs
100 mAs
CR Agfa system Left 1mAs - 11 circles low
contrast Right 100 mAs -16 circles low contrast
68
11- ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? CDRAD phantom

• ????? ????? 225 ???? ?? ?? 15 ???? ? 15 ???? ????
  ?????. ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???
  ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????
  ????? ?? ????.
• ?? 3 ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ? ?? ????
  ???? ?? 2 ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ?????
  ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???
  ???.

69
CDRAD phantom
70
12- ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????Limiting
Spatial Resolution

1. ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???.
2. ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????
   ????? ????
3. ????? FDD ???? ?????? ????.
4. ????? ??? ???? ????? (Hüttner type 18) ?? ??
   ????? 45 ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????
   ???? ? ?? 50kVp ? 10mAs ? ????? ???? ?????? ????.

71
12-??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????Limiting Spatial
Resolution

1. ????????? ? window level ?? ???? ????? ???? ??
   ???? ????? ?????? ????.
2. ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????.
3. ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????????? x5 ????? ???. ???
   ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????
   ?? reporting workstation ????? ????? ????.
4. ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ????
   ???? ???? ????? ????.
5. ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????
   ???? ?? ????? 45 ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????
   ????? ???.

72
12- ????? ???? ????? ? ????????? ?? ???? ?????
1 mAs
100mAs
CR Agfa system Left 1mAs - 14 spatial
resolution groups Right 100 mAs - 16 spatial
resolution groups
73
12- ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? CR ??? ????
?????
?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??
????
74
13- Detail Detectability

• ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????
  ??? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???
  ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????
  ????.

• ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? 71kV ?? ?? ??? ??????
  ???? ??? ??? (??????? S200, S400,S800,S1600).
• ??????? ?? 4 ????? ????? ???.
• ??? ?? ???? ???? S200 ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??
  ? ???? ?? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
  ????? ??? . ?? ???? S1600 ???? ???? ??? ????
  ???? ??? ? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???. ????????
  ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???.

75
13- Detail Detectability High Contrast Resolution

• ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????
  ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????????
  ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????.
• ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????

Meanobj ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? Meanup
??????? ????? ???? ROI?? ?????? ?? ?????
???? Meandown ??????? ????? ???? ROI??
?????? ?? ????? ????
76
13- Detail Detectability Contrast to Noise Ratio
???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??
?????? ????? ????? ???
Meanobj ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? Meanup
??????? ????? ???? ROI?? ?????? ?? ?????
???? Meandown ??????? ????? ???? ROI??
?????? ?? ????? ???? STDobj ?????? ????? ??
ROI ??????? ??? ????
77
13- Detail Detectability
????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????
??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???
ROI2 ??????? 77.56 ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??
ROI ?????? ??? 1.65 ???? ???? ???? ????
?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ROI ??????? Noise
(relative) 100x(1.65/77.56)2.1
78
???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????(CNR) ? ??????
?? ???? (SNR)
13- Detail Detectability
????? ROI ??? ??????? ??? 64 ????? ? ??? 64
?????
ROI 1
ROI 2
??????? (??????) 422.2 ?????? ?????(????)
8.1 ???? ?????? ?? ???? 51.8
??????? (??????) 334.3 ?????? ?????(????) 7.4
???? ?????? ?? ???? 44.7
79
????? ?????
13- Detail Detectability

• SNR ???? ????? ?? 40 ????.
• CNR ?? 15 ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???
  ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???.

80
14- Spatial Resolutionsquare wave response
function
??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????
?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???
????? ????.
?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ( ?????? ????) ????
??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????.
81
14- Spatial Resolution Modulation Transfer
Function

• ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????
  (modulation ) ???? ?? ???.
• ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? u (?????????
  ?? ?????? u) ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????
  Modulation Transfer Function ???? ?? ??? ? ??
  MTF(u) ????? ???? ?? ???.

MTF ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
?????? ???.
82
14- Spatial Resolution Modulation Transfer
Function
???? ????? MTF? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ? ??
???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ??
????? ??? ????? ???? ????? MTF ??Bar Phantom
??????? ?? ???. ?????? bar phantom ? ???? ?????
?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???. ????
??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????
MTF ?? ????.
???? ????? MTF? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????
?? ????.
83
14-Spatial Resolution Modulation Transfer
Function
bar phantom ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? 0.6lp/mm ??
5.0lp/mm
???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???
??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????
? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???
????. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??
?? ?? ????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???.
(?? ??????? ? ?? ??????)
84
14-Spatial Resolution Modulation Transfer
Function
????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????
?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????
85
14-Spatial Resolution
86
15-????? ???????
87
15-????? ???????
?? ???? ????? ??????? ( ???? ???? ???? ????????
???? ????? ? ????) ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????
???. ???? ????? ??????? ????

• 1- ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? (????? ??? ??? ?? ???
  ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? 10LUX ????).
• 2- ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???.
• 3- ?????? ????? ????? TG-18-qc (????? AAPM ) ??
  ????? SMPTE ?? ???? ???.

88
15-????? ???????
????? TG18-QC test Pattern
??? ???? ???? AAPM ??????? ??? ???.
89
15-????? ???????
????? SMPTE test Pattern
90
15-????? ???????
??? ?????

• ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????
• ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????.
• ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????.
• ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????.
• ???? ?????? Grey Scale ???? ????.
• ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ???? ????.
• ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? (?? ???? ???? ? ????? )
  ???? ????? ????.
• ???? 5 ?? ????? A ? ???? 95 ?? ????? B ????
  ???? ????.

91
????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????
92
?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????
93
????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
1- ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????
94
????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
2- ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ???
???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????
95
????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
3- ?????? cone
96
????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
4- ???????
97
????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
5- ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? 5lp/mm ????
???
98
????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
6- ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? 4 ????? ???? ???.
99
????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
7- Dynamic Range ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????
????? ?? ??????? ??????.
100
????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
8- ????? ?? ??????? ?? ROI ???????? ?? ??????
????. ????? ??????? ????? ?? ROI ??? ????? ?????
????? ?? 20 ????.
101
?????? ????????? ???????
102
????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
103
????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????

• ????? ??????? ???? ????
• ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? 4.5cm ? ?????
  18cmx24cm ? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? 0.2mm ??
  ?????2cmx2cm ????? ??? ??? .
• ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ? ?? ????? 6cm ??? ????
  ????? ???? ???? ?? ???.
• (??? ???? (???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????. ???
  ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????
  ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????. ?????? ???? ?? ???
  ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???.

104
????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????

• 1- ????? ????????
• ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ROI ?????
  ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? pixel value ?? ?? ??
  ROI ????? ????.

??? 1 ??? ?????? ROI ???? ????????? DR
??? 2 ??? ?????? ROI ???? ????????? CR
105
????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????

• 1- ????? ????????(?????)
• ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ROI ????? ?? ROI
  ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ROI
  ???? ?? ???? ?????.

????? ??? ???? ???? ?? 10 ????.
106
????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????

• 2- ????? ??? ??????? ?????
• (??????? ? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?
  ???? ?????? ?? ????)
• ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???
  ??????? ? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???.
• ???
• ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???
• ??????? ?? ????? 100N (????? 10kg) ????? ????.
• ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? (4.5cm)
  ??????? ???
• ??????? ??? (mAs, kV,target/filter) ??????? ???
  ????.
• ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? (????
  ??????? pixel value ?? exposureindex? ?? S
  value) ??? ????.
• ?? ??????? ?? ?? window ????? ??????? ??? ?????
  ? ??????? ???? ????? ???.

107
????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????

• 2- ????? ??? ??????? ?????
• 2 -1- ????? ??????
• ???? ????? ?????? ???? Window with ???? 10window
  level ????? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???????
  ???.
• ???
• 1- ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?
  ??? ????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????
  ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ???
  ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???.
• 2- ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? DR
• ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??
  ???? ???? ????.
• ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????
  ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????.
• ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????
  ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????
  (?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????
  ???? ???).
• 3- ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? CR
• ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????
  ??? ????? ??????.
• ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????
  ???? ???? ?? ???.
• ???? ???? reader ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????
  ???? ???? ???? ?? ????.
• ????? roller ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????
  ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ???? ???
  ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????
  ???? ????

108
????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
2- ????? ??? ??????? 2-2- ??????? ??? ????????
??????? ?? ? ???? ?????? ?? ????

• ??? ????? ?????? ROI ???? ????? ????
• ????? ??? ROI ?????? ? ???????(M) ? ??????
  ?????(STD) ?????? ????? ?? ???? ROI ?? ????
  ?????.
• ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
  ?? ?????? ????? ????.

109
????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
2- ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????
??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????
mAs Base line10
Detector dose indicator Base line10
SNR Base line10
110
????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
3- ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????

• ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???.
• ?? ROI ????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ???????(M1) ?
  ?????? ?????(STD1) ?? ?? ROI1 ? ??????? M2 ?? ??
  ROI2 ???? ?????.
• ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????

????? ????? CNR ???? ????? Base line20 ????.
111
????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
4 ????? ??????? AEC???? ?? ?????

• ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? 2cm? 4cm ? 6cm ??
  ??????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????.
• ???? ??????? 10 kg
• ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??
  ???? ?????? ???.
• ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? (kV,mAs,
  target/filter) .
• ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????( ???????
  ?????? Exposure index ?? S-value).
• ?? WINDOW ????? (??????? ??????? ?????) ???????
  ?? ? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????
  ??????.
• ?? ???? ????? ?????? ROI ? ?????? SNR ? CNR ??
  ???? ????? (?????? ????? ??? ?????).

112
????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
4 ????? ??????? AEC???? ?? ?????

• ????? ??? ???? ?????

??????? ????? ?????
Detector dose indicator Baseline for that thickness10
SNR Baseline for that thickness20
CNR Baseline for that thickness20
???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???.
113
CDMAM phantom
????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????
???????5- ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??
114
????????? ????????? ? ??????????
115
????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????
AAPM report 15 , AAPM report 70

• 1. Mechanical inspection of all moving parts
• 2. Safety interlock inspection
• 3. Gray scale matching between all monitors and
  printers
• 4. Check minimum collimator to skin distance
• 5. HVL
• 6. kVp accuracy
• 7. High contrast spatial resolution
• 8. Low contrast discrimination
• 9. Focal spot size (using star pattern)
• 10. Lag
• 11. Distortion
• 12. Field of View (for each fov available)
• 13. Collimator and collimator tracking check
• 14. Image Intensifier input exposure rate
• 15. Automatic Brightness Control
• 16. II Contrast ratio
• 17. Veiling Glare
• 18. Cine film sensitometry
• 19. Cine film density

116
????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????
?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????
????? ???
117
????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????
1- ????? ????

• ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ? ??
  ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????
  ????? ?????? ???.

????? ?????
118
????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????
2- ???? ?????

• ????? ??????
• kV50, phantom1mmCu,
• II Entrance air Kerma Rate -------- (?? ????
  ?? ???? ??? ?? ????)

• ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????
  ????? ????? ????? ???.
• kV50, phantom1mmCu,

????? ????? cm ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? Lp/mm
36 0.9
30 1.12
23 1.2
15 1.6
119
????? ???? ????????? ?????????? (RefAAPM 15)

• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• I. Introduction
• II. Description of System and Performance
  Parameters
• A. DSA Systems
• B. Performance Parameters and Factors Affecting
  Them
• 1. Spatial Resolution
• 2. Low Contrast Performance
• 3. Contrast Spatial Uniformity
• 4. Contrast Linearity
• 5. Radiation Exposure
• 6. Subtraction Artifacts
• III. Performance Evaluation With A Phantom
• A. Typical Phantom
• B. Spatial Resolution
• C. Low Contrast Performance
• D. Uniformity
• E. Linearity
• F. Radiation Exposure
• G. Artifacts

120
DSA Digital Subtraction Angiography system
Log Amplifier
LOG
ADC
Analog to digital convertor
Memory A
Memory B
Subtraction
Digital storage
Image enhancement
Window level
Digital to analog convertor
DAC
Hard copy
Monitor
121
?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? X (mR) ????? ???????????
???? ???? S value S X200/S 1mR at 80kV 3mmAl, S200
???? Exposure Index EI X(EI300)/2 1mR at 80kV 1mmAl 0.5mmCu, EI2000
???? Log of Median of Histrogram LogM X(logM0.3)/2 0.25mR at 75kv, 1.5mmCu logM1.96 at 400speed class
?????? Sensitivity number S value X200/S 1mR at 80kV For QR200
????? Reached Exposure value REX X REX for Brightness16, Contrast10 , 1 mR
????? ??????? Uncompensated Detector Exposure UDExp X UDExp 80 kv, standard filter, no grid
?????? Exposure index EI X 100/s RQA5,70kV,21mmAl,HVL7.1
????? Exposure index EXI XEI/1000 RQA5,70kV,0.6mmAl,HVL6.8