Location of Industry and the Central Business District

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The Central Business District
IB Geography II
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The Central Business District

• The CBD the commercial and economic core of a
  city
• The heart of the city
• the area most accessible to public transport
• the location with the highest land values.

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Characteristics

• Parking.
• Transport Terminals.
• Wholesalers/Warehouses.
• Small Shops.
• Concentration of Banks/Businesses.
• Offices.
• Department/Chain Stores.
• Car Sales/Services.
• Medical/Fire Services.

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Location Of Industry

• Manufacturing areas are located within the
  inner-city.
• They are also located along major highways and in
  industrial suburbs.
• Industries found in cities usually include
  skilled labor, medical instruments, fashion
  accessories and clothes, newspapers etc.
• Port industries.

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CBD Main functions

• Shops top of the shopping hierarchy in a city.
  Widest range and the largest department stores.
  Wide sphere of influence.
• Offices Banks, building societies, solicitors,
  government offices. Offices occupy high-rise
  blocks or upper floors above shops.
• Culture and Entertainment Areas of the CBD
  come alive at night. Chicagos clubs, theatres,
  Navy Pier, music, etc.

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CBD Users

• One way to begin to understand the role of the
  CBD is to consider who uses it
• 4 Major Groups
• Workers Still primary location for many major
  employers, office buildings, govt offices
• Residents Usually now at extremes of income
  scale
• Shoppers Many CBDs much smaller role than
  formerly
• Visitors Renaissance in many CBDs in the hotel
  industry CBD asentertainment and cultural
  center
• These groups found in CBD in different
  proportions at different times of the day and
  days of the week

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CBD Problems

• Traffic congestion Towns grew and street
  patterns were established before the motor car
  was invented. Rush hour traffic grid-lock
• Pollution Water, land, air and noise pollution
  are all common in city centres. Pollution adds to
  the stresses of living in urban areas and is
  thought to aggravate some diseases such as asthma
  and bronchitis.

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Lack of space and high cost of land

• Competition for land extremely high prices.
  Smaller firms and retailers forced away from the
  CBD

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Land use patterns

• Towns and cities do not grow in a haphazard way
  but tend to develop recognizable shapes and
  patterns.
• Each town is unique and will have developed its
  own distinctive pattern, it will also show some
  characteristics shared by other urban
  settlements.

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Although all towns and cities are different, most
have grown and developed in the same way.
Believe it or not there is a PATTERN to it all !
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We can show this pattern by using a MODEL a
simplified picture.
This is an URBAN MODEL to show the different land
use within a town or city.
Each different colour sector represents a
different type of land use.
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Urban Land Use Models

• Burgess Model
• Hoyt Model
• Multiple Nuclei Model
• Manns Compromise Model

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Burgess Model
Inner city
Suburbs
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The Burgess Model The Concentric Zone Model
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Land use models Concentric Zone Model/Burgess
Model
Burgess based his studies on Chicago. He claimed
that most towns and cities grow outwards from an
old center and equally in all directions.
original settlement
In Britain, many towns grew rapidly in the
nineteenth- and twentieth-centuries. Why do you
think that was the case?
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Explanation of Burgess Model

• Having made in depth studies of the morphology of
  Chicago in the 1920's, Burgess concluded that
  city land-use could be identified as a series of
  concentric rings around the CBD.

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Explanation of Burgess Model

• Then, we get three rings of housing. The first
  will be high density, poor quality that
  traditionally houses the workers for the
  factories.
• Next, is slightly lower density, middle class
  housing. These will be semi-detached with
  gardens.
• Finally, there is a ring of high class housing
  for those who can afford to commute.

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Burgess Model

• Timeframe
• 1920s
• Class conscious society
• Housing segregated according to income
• Lack of transport infrastructure

• Assumptions
• Older buildings in city centre
• Newer buildings at edge of city
• Land values highest in city centre
• Strong economic and ethnic segregation
• Low income groups lack transport and live close
  to city centre.
• Cities develop on a flat plain with equal access
  to transport

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Evaluation For

• If taken as a very broad pattern, then a large
  number of towns and cities follow the pattern
  identified by Burgess.
• It is good model because it is simple and easy to
  understand.
• Burgess could not have foreseen the changes in
  transport routes or society yet his model is
  still relevant when identifying the reasons
  behind the urban morphology of a city.
• It helps us to understand the process involved in
  the growth of a city.

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Evaluation Against

• It does not take any physical features into
  account. Burgess' own case study - Chicago - does
  not follow the pattern because it is on the
  coast! The growth of any city will be influenced
  by the physical geography of the area.
• Transport is much more readily available allowing
  more people to commute Burgess could not have
  foreseen this.
• Urban renewal and gentrification has meant that
  some of the most expensive property can now be
  found in traditional 'low class' areas.

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Hoyt
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Explanation

• Hoyt's model came nearly twenty years after
  Burgess'.
• It was based on 142 American cities.
• He proposed his model after the introduction of
  public transportation.
• He suggested that the city grew in a series of
  sectors or 'wedges'.
• An industrial sector would remain industrial as
  the zone would have a common advantage - perhaps
  a railway line or river.
• Note how the low quality housing is next to the
  industrial zone, middle class next to low class
  and high class as far as possible from industry
  and low class.

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Hoyt Model

• Timeframe
• Late 1930s
• Income and status divided society
• Housing areas reflect social segregation

• Assumptions
• Settlement develops along transport routes
• Towns radiate out from the CBD
• Low-income and industrial areas lie next to each
  other
• Wealthy people choose the best sites

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Evaluation For

• Some cities seem to follow Hoyt's sectors.
• It provides us with an alternative set of
  explanations to Burgess.
• Communication routes (Rivers, roads, railways) do
  often provide a very definite boundary to a
  sector/land-use.

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Evaluation Against

• Like Burgess, there is no reference to out of
  town developments.
• ie commuter towns which developed after the car
  became popular
• Like Burgess, there is no reference to the
  physical environment.

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Multiple Nuclei Model
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Harris and Ullmans Multiple Nuclei Theory

• 1945
• As an urban area grows, it develops around a
  number of different business centres or nuclei.

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Multiple Nuclei Theory

• Assumptions
• Modern cities more complex than suggested by
  other theorists
• Each nucleus acts as a growth point
• Growth occurs outwards from each nucleus, until
  they all merge into one large urban area

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Evaluations For

• Mixture of Burgess and Hoyt
• Shows some land-uses attract more of the same,
  for example industrial areas
• Some land-uses may deter others from locating
  nearby, eg housing is usually located away from
  industrial areas

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Evaluations Against

• Not an exact fit for all cities and towns
• Too complex

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Manns Compromise Model
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Evaluations For

• Elements of both Burgess and Hoyt models.
• SW wind blows smoke and pollution towards East.
• Wealthy choose to live in pleasant unpolluted
  areas.

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Evaluations Against

• Does not include inner city renewal.
• Based on limited study of only a few studies not
  entirely accurate.