History of the Internet

1
History of the Internet
2
Origins

• Late 1950s invention of the modem
  modulator-demodulator or digital to analog
• ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) formed
  in 1958.
•  ARPA created to bolster national defense, but
  also as a way to carry out open ended research.
  (Eisenhower believed in science.)

3
The Development of Ideas.

• Joseph Licklider conceived the vision for the
  Internet he researched time-sharing, so that
  several users could access one computer . He also
  contacted universities and research centers to
  interest them in connecting all of their
  computers.
•  In the 1960s, Ted Nelson developed the idea of
  hyperlinks.

4
Early Innovations

• In 1964, American Airlines develop SABRE, the
  first computerized Airline Reservation System.
• In 1969, ARPAnet, the first multicomputer network
  was created. There were four sites UC-Santa
  Barbara, UCLA, SRI International, and the
  University of Utah. By 1971, 19 other sites have
  joined.

5
Early Internet

• In 1971, the first e-mail is sent with a program
  called CPYNET (copynet).
• In 1972, ARPAnet exhibited at International
  Conference on Computer Communications.
• In 1973, PLATO was developed which is an early
  model for threaded online discussions.
• Talkomatic/Personal Notes/Group Notes
• In 1975, the MITS Altair 8800 first personal
  computer is invented and sold.

6
Internet reaches the Public

• In 1975, news stories lead to the public having
  general knowledge of the ARPAnet.
• In 1978, the first message bulletin board system
  is created.
• In 1979, first MUD (multiuser dimension or
  multiuser domain or multiuser dungeon) is created
  at Essex University, which is linked to ARPAnet
  by 1980. (text only)
• USENET created in 1979 by students at Duke and
  University of North Carolina. The resulting
  discussions are called newsgroups.

7
Further Advancements

• In 1981, Ted Nelsons Xanadu. A hypertext
  database is developed (but never marketed), but
  creates the basis for the web.
• In 1984, the Apple Macintosh debuts with a
  graphical interface. (Xerox PARC)

8
Modern Internet I

• By the late 1980s, the Internet had 60,000
  members, still mostly associated with the
  military, college or corporations.
• In 1986, NSFnet is created (National Science
  Foundation) to help college and research
  institutions without the funds to be members of
  APRAnet. In 1989, there are over 100,000 sites.
• Internet worm released at Cornell by Robert
  Morris to attack Sendmail. Duplicates itself on
  computers and crashes 10 of computers connected
  to internet.

9
Modern Internet II

• In 1983, FidoNet (a BBS) spreads the
  popularity of BBSs and bring networking to
  elementary and secondary schools. Freenets (first
  in Cleveland) are accessible to anyone with
  computer and modem. Provides e-mail, discussion
  boards, chat, and local information
• The Well (Whole Earth Lectronic Link You own
  your own words.) and AOL were formed as BBSs.
  AOL was meant to be easy from the start.

10
The Web is Weaved

• In 1991, Tim Berners-Lee, at the European
  Laboratory for Particle Physics, created HTTP
  (hypertext transfer protocol), HTML (hypertext
  markup language) and URL (universal resource
  location). The whole system was named the world
  wide web.
• Commercial traffic could use the Internet, but
  the Internet couldnt come to them. The
  acceptable use policy is modified in 1992. By
  1995, the NSFnet is dissolved as commercial
  networks take over most of the Internet traffic.

11
Internet Tools

• Gopher (1992) allows users to search for
  information, creating an index of sources. But,
  the web is quickly preferred.
• As the web takes off, browsers are written. The
  first were called Erwise, Midas, Cello, etc..
  These led to Mosaic, which led to Netscape and
  Internet Explorer. (Now Mosaic is back, as is
  Macintoshs Safari.)

12
Early Web

• In 1994, World Wide Web Consortium is created to
  promote web. (standards and specifications)
• In 1994, shopping malls, banks, and radio
  stations all come to the web. Yahoo! is created.
• In 1997, AOL loses a class-action suit after
  offering unlimited internet access and not able
  to meet expectations (busy signals and crashes).
• Late 1990s start-up web companies.

13
How It Works Now

• Loose organization of networks.
• Government still pays for some of the backbone.
  There is an Internet2 for use by some
  universities (very fast.)
• ISP (Internet Service Providers) provide monthly
  internet access.