The Rock Cycle in Michigan

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The Rock Cycle in Michigan

• prepared by the Michigan Department of
  Environmental QualityGeological Survey Division
  - http//www.deq.state.mi.us/gsd

DRAFT 04/ 07/2000 ESW 2000 Rock Cycle MI DEQ GSD
- SEW
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The eminent 18th century lawyer, doctor,
gentleman farmer and founder of modern
geoscience, James Hutton, developed the concept
of the Rock Cycle to show how rocks and
natural, physical processes are interrelated.
Radioactive heating from inside the earth, as
well as solar energy and gravity at thesurface
drives the rock cycle.
As a result, the rock cycle will be
self-sustaining for thousands of millions of
years.
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What is the Rock Cycle ?
The rock cycle is a sequence of events involving
the formation, alteration, destruction, and
reformation of rocks as a result of natural
processes such as magmatism (melting of rock
into magma), erosion, transportation,
deposition, lithification, and
metamorphism. Glossary of Geology, Bates
Jackson, AGI
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The mantle, crust and surface of the earthcan be
thought of as a giant recycling machine rocks
are neither created nor destroyed, but
redistributed and transformed from one rock type
to another.
http//www.science.ubc.ca/geol202/rock_cycle/rock
cycle.html March 2000
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The Rock Cycle involves the recognition of three
main classes of rocks all of which are found in
Michigan. The three rock types are
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Right?

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Before we look at the Rock Cycle in more detail,
lets review some basic information
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Atoms combine to make compounds that combine to
make minerals.
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Minerals are
naturally occurring inorganic elements or
compounds
having an orderly internal structure
and a characteristic chemical composition,
crystal form and
physical properties
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alunite, amethyst, amphibole, analcite, anatase,
andalusite, andesine, andradite, anglesite,
anhydrite, ankerite, annabergite, anorthite,
anthonyite, anthophyllite, anthraconite,
anthraxolite, antigorite, apatite, aphrosiderite,
apophyllite, aragonite, ardennite,
argentoalgodonite, arsenopyrite, asbestos,
atacamite, attapulgite, augite,awarurite,
axinite, azurite, babingtonite, baddeleyite,
barite, bassetite, bastnaesite, beaconite, beryl,
biotite, bismuthinite, blomstrandine, bornite,
bowlingite, brannerite, braunite, brochantite,
bronzite, brookite, brucite, brunsvigite,
buttgenbachite, byssolite, bytownite,
calciovolborthite, calcite, calderite,
calumetite, carnallite, carnelian, celadonite,
celestite, cerargyrite, chabazite, chalcedony,
chalcocite, chalconatronite, chalcopyrite,
chalcotrichite, chamosite, chert, chloanthite,
chlorargyrite, chlorastrolite, chlorite,
clinochlore, clino-chrysotile, clinozoisite,
collophane, columbite, copiapite, copper,
coquimbite, cordierite, corrensite, corundum,
covellite, crocidolite, cubanite, cummingtonite,
cuprite, dahllite, datolite, daubreelite,
delessite, diabantite, diallage, diamond,
dickite, digenite, dihydrite, diopside, dioptase,
djurleite, dolomite, domeykite, forsterite,
francolite, freirinite, fuchsite, fulgurite,
galena, garnet, garnierite, gersdorffite,
gibbsite, glauconite, goethite, gold, halite,
halloysite, halotrichite, harmotome, heterosite,
heulandite, hisingerite, hollandite,
hornblende,hyacinth, hydrocarbon,
hydrohausmannite, hydromica, hydromuscovite,
hydrotroilite, hypersthene, iddingsite, illite,
ilmenite, isle royale greenstone, jacksonite,
jacobsite, jasper, jaspilite, julgoldite,
kamacite, kamiokite, kaolinite, kearsargeite,
keweenawite, kinoite, koutekite, kupfferite,
kutnahorite, kyanite, labradorite, langite,
laumontite, lavendulan, lead, lechetelierite,
ledouxite, leonhardite, lepidocrocite,
lepidolite, manganoan siderite, manganocalcite,
marcasite, margarite, marmolite, martite,
masonite, maucherite, melaconite, melanochalcite,
melanterite, melilite, mercury, mesolite,
meta-autunite, metatorbernite, metatyuyamunite,
microcline, millerite, minnesotaite, mirabilite,
mohawk-algodonite, mohawkite, molybdenite,
monazite, montmorillonite, muscovite, nacrite,
nantokite, natrojarosite, natrolite, neltnerite,
neotocite, niccolite, nontronite, oligoclase,
oligonite, olivenite, olivine, orientite,
orthoclase, ottrelite, palygorskite, paragonite,
paramelaconite, pararammelsbergite, paratacamite,
pargasite, patricianite, paxite, pectolite,
pennine, pentlandite, peristerite, perthite,
pharmacolite, phengite, phillipsite, phlogopite,
phosphides, phosphorite, picrolite,
picropharmacolite, pigeonite, pistacite,
pitchblende, plagioclase, plancheite, plessite,
polyhalite, posnjakite, powellite, prehnite,
priorite, prochlorite, protolithionite,
pyrolusite, pyrope, pyrophyllite, pyrostilpnite,
pyroxene, pyrrhotite, quartz, rammelsbergite,
rauenthalite, rhodochrosite, rhodonite,
riebeckite, ripidolite, roscoelite, rubellan,
rutherfordine, rutile, salite, salt, sanidine,
saponite, saussurite, scapolite, scheelite,
schefferite, schorl, schreibersite, scolectite,
seamanite, semi-whitneyite, sericite, serpentine,
siderite, silicon, sillimanite, silver, smaltite,
smectite, soapstone, specularite, spessartite,
sphalerite, sphene, spinel, spodumene,
staurolite, steatite, stellerite,
stibiodomeykite, stilbite, stilpnomelane,
stinkstone, strontianite, sulfur, sussexite,
sylvanite, sylvite, synchisite, szaibelyite,
taenite, talc, tantalite, tellurium, tenorite,
tetrahedrite, thomsonite, thuringite, tirodite,
titanite, titanomagnetite, topaz, tourmaline,
tremolite, trichalcite, tridymite, troilite,
tyrolite, uralite, uraninite, uranothorite,
uvarovite, vaterite,, vesuvianite, violarite,
viridite, vivianite, vladimirite, wairakite,
whitneyite, williamsite, wollastonite, wurtzite,
xanthosiderite, xonotlite, zeolite, zircon,
zoisite, zonochlorite
There are over 300 minerals found in Michigan.
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Minerals combine to form Rocks
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Some Rocks are made up of just one mineral - like
rock salt (made up of the mineral halite) that is
mined near Detroit.
Others Rocks are made up of many minerals - like
the granites and gneisses (made up of feldspars,
quartz, and other minerals) found near Marquette.
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Rocks and Natural Processes make up the Rock Cycle
weathering
Metamorphic
Sedimentary
pressure, heat
melting
Igneous
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The Rock Cycle
Rocks are weatherederoded,transportedand
depositedto formSedimentary Rocks
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Sedimentary rocks found in Michigan
Sandstone,shale,limestone,halite, andgypsum
Igneous and Metamorphicrocks
Sedimentary rocks
Generalized Bedrock Geology of Michigan
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The State Stone thePetoskey Stoneis a fossil
coral (Hexagonaria percarinata) found in middle
Devonian age limestoneswhich formed some 375
million years ago.
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The Rock Cycle
Igneous Rocksform from molten rock or magma in
the subsurface or from lava extruded at the
surface
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Igneous rocks found in Michigan
granite, granodiorite, pegmatite, basalt and
rhyolite.
Igneous and Metamorphicrocks
Sedimentary rocks
Generalized Bedrock Geology of Michigan
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The Rock Cycle
Pressure, heatand fluids cause
preexistingmaterials to becomeMetamorphic
Rocks
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Metamorphic rocks found in Michigan
iron ore, staurolite schist, slate,quartzite,m
arble andgneiss
Igneous and Metamorphicrocks
Sedimentary rocks
Generalized Bedrock Geology of Michigan
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Michigan's State Gemstone is pumpellyite
variety chlorastrolite. Also called
greenstone and Isle Royal Greenstone. It is
a metamorphic mineral found in altered igneous
rocks (basalts, and diabases).
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The Rock Cycle
The Rock Cycle does not go in just one direction.
Any given rock can go through any part of the
cycle any number of times.
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The Rock Cycle
I hope you better understand the Rock Cycle and
what it means. Please email any comments about
this program to wilsonse_at_state.mi.us - thanks