Chapter%20Eight

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Chapter Eight
Contact and Interaction
Chapter 8 Slide 1
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Learning Objectives

1. What were the different types of contact and
   interaction that took place in ancient India,
   China and Southeast Asia?
2. What were the impact of these contact and
   interaction on the ancient people?
3. How did the ancient people respond to contact and
   interaction?

Chapter 8 Slide 2
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Talk to your partner!

1. Have you travelled to other countries?
2. What was the purpose of your travel?
3. What did you learn or observe during your travel?
4. Do you notice that there is increased contact and
   interaction among people today?
5. Why do you think this is so?

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• Despite the dangers of travelling in the
• Gobi Desert people still continued to
• do so.
• Why do you think they did so?
• What do you think are the
• different ways in which they did so?

Chapter 8 Slide 3
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• Despite the dangers of travelling in the
• Gobi Desert people still continued to
• do so.
• Why do you think they did so?
• No other alternative route
• Need to travel to new lands to gain
• goods and knowledge

Chapter 8 Slide 3
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Different ways of travel in ancient civilisations
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What Is ?
Overland Trade
Maritime Trade
Chapter 8 Slide 4
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What Is ?
Overland Trade Trade conducted by those who
travel across land
Maritime Trade Trade conducted by those who
travel by sea
Chapter 8 Slide 4
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• Advantages
• Able to obtain scarce resources by traveling to
  other countries.
• Able to return home with new ideas and goods from
  different cultures.
• Able to obtain scarce resources by traveling even
  further to other countries.

Overland Trade

• Risk
• Wild animals and armed robbers are a threat to
  the traders and the livestock.

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• Advantages
• Able to obtain scarce resources by traveling even
  further to other countries.
• Able to return home with new ideas and goods from
  different cultures.
• If you decide to build a port, ships will stop
  there and trade with the local people. This will
  improve the economy of your country.

• Risk
• Pirates may attack and rob ships at sea

Maritime trade
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What Is?
Territorial Expansion Diplomacy
Chapter 8 Slide 5
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What Is?
Territorial Expansion Waging war on other
kingdoms to control more land or trade routes and
obtain more wealth Diplomacy Forming peaceful
relations with other countries
Chapter 8 Slide 5
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• Advantages
• Able to obtain scarce resources.
• Able to expand empire

Territorial expansion

• Risk
• May fail and lose your own empire.
• Need to spend precious resources building an army
  and buying weapons.

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• Advantages
• Able to obtain scare resources without investing
  resources to build an army.
• Able to gain the protection of other countries
  when your territory is under attack.
• Goods and ideas will be exchanged freely amongst
  the countries with diplomatic ties.

Diplomatic relations

• Risks
• Countries may not honour their diplomatic ties
  during a war.
• Need to invest precious resources ensuring
  diplomatic ties (for example, paying your
  diplomats.)

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Source A An excerpt from an Indian history book
about the Chola Empire
Under his son Rajendra Chola I, the dynasty
became a military, economic and cultural power in
South Asia and Southeast Asia. Its power spread
to the eastern world by the expedition to the
Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook, by
overthrowing the empire of Srivijaya through
naval wars and by sending ambassadors repeatedly
to China. He sent a victorious expedition to
North India and defeated the Pala ruler of
Pataliputra, Mahipala.
Study Source A. What can Source A tell you about
the contact and interaction of the Chola empire
in the 10th century CE?
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Source A tells me 1.) The Chola empire
established contact and interaction with other
civilisations through territorial
expansion. Evidence overthrowing the empire of
Srivijaya through naval wars and defeated the
Pala ruler of Pataliputra, Mahipala. 2.)
Trade was also a form of contact and interaction
with other civilisations. Evidence military,
economic, and cultural power in South Asia and
Southeast Asia and by sending ambassadors
repeatedly to China. This suggests that the
Chola empire had great influence in the maritime
sea routes in Southeast Asia. The empire also
sent ambassadors to China and was likely to pay
tribute to China in order to trade with China
freely.
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Overland trade in india
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Pearls, corals and timber were found near the
Indus Valley.
In other parts of India, copper tools and cotton
cloth from the Indus Valley were found.
Q What does this show?
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Overland Trade in India
1) Archaeologists have found evidence that the
Indus Valley Civilisation traded with other parts
of India, exchanging their copper tools and
cotton textiles for pearls, coral, or hardwood.
2.) Indus people traded with other people from
the Indian subcontinent.
Chapter 8 Slide 6
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2.) No proper roads
Overland trade was dangerous as traders had to
endure rough and rocky roads, and threats from
wild animals as well as robbers.
Q What did traders do?
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2. No proper roads
They learned to band together in groups of 500
men in order to be able to protect themselves as
they travelled along the rough roads.
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2.) No proper roads
By the Mauryan Dynasty(c332-185BCE), there was an
extensive network of trade routes between India
and the Middle East, and the Mauryans and Guptas
ensured that the roads were well-maintained for
the comfort of the traders.
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2.) No proper roads
Because of the large number of traders using the
protected routes, the towns along the way
prospered (e.g. Jaisalmer), as overland trade
continued in the 18th century CE.
Look at pg. 127 fig 8.2 of your textbook. Why do
you think Jaisalmer was surrounded by such walls?
What can you infer about the town and its people
from this?
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Overland Trade in India

• The Indus people traded with other parts of
  India, but the routes were difficult and
  dangerous.

• By the Mauryan period, proper roads covered the
  whole of India there were also overland routes
  between India and the Middle East.

• Towns along overland routes grew and prospered.

Chapter 8 Slide 6
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Maritime trade in india
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Q What common features do you see?
Source A Seal from Mesopotamian (Present day
Iran)
Source B Seal from Indus Valley
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Q What can you infer from this source about the
route they took for maritime trade? Look at the
map on page 126 (fig 8.1)
From Source C A BBC website on trading in the
Indus Valley civilisation.
Sargon of Akkad (2334 to 2279 BC) was a king in
Mesopotamia. This was one of the first ancient
civilisations. Sargon's scribes kept written
records of ships from other lands. So we learn
that the Mesopotamians bought gold, copper and
jewellery from 'Meluhha'. Was Meluhha the
Mesopotamian name for the Indus civilisation? Or
was it the Indus Valley people's own name for
their land? To reach Mesopotamia, Indus ships
sailed west. They probably kept close to land.
Bits of old Indus pottery found on beaches in
Oman, in the Gulf, came from storage jars left
behind by traders.
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Q What can you infer from this source about the
route they took for maritime trade ? Look at the
map on page 126 (fig 8.1)
From Source C A BBC website on trading in the
Indus Valley civilisation.
Sargon of Akkad (2334 to 2279 BC) was a king in
Mesopotamia. This was one of the first ancient
civilisations. Sargon's scribes kept written
records of ships from other lands. So we learn
that the Mesopotamians bought gold, copper and
jewellery from 'Meluhha'. Was Meluhha the
Mesopotamian name for the Indus civilisation? Or
was it the Indus Valley people's own name for
their land? To reach Mesopotamia, Indus ships
sailed west. They probably kept close to land.
Bits of old Indus pottery found on beaches in
Oman, in the Gulf, came from storage jars left
behind by traders.
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Maritime Trade in India

• 1.) Indus people used sail boats to travel along
  the coastlines of Persia (Iran), Arabia and India
• An ancient port was found near the Indus Valley,
  with docks for ships to load and unload their
  goods.
• Seals from Indus Valley were found in Mesopotamia
  (present day Iraq)
• Seals from Mesopotamia were found in Indus Valley
  sites
• Indus people might have borrowed the idea of
  using seals to mark goods from Mesopotamians

Chapter 8 Slide 7
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Maritime Trade in India
2.) Sea routes began around 1 CE
Seasonal monsoon patterns of the Indian Ocean
were discovered by Greek ship captain Hippalus

• Group activity
• You are to fill in, with the help of your
  textbook, the answers to the questions.
• Join the pieces together in a map.
• Trace out the route taken by Indian traders.

Chapter 8 Slide 8
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The Monsoon Patterns
http//www.rgs.org/webcasts/activities/monsoonindi
a.html
Chapter 8 Slide 9
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Maritime Trade in India
3a.) Sea travel aided by monsoon winds

• From April to October Southwest Monsoons propel
  ships from East Africa, Arabia and the Persian
  Gulf to India

• From November to March NE monsoons carry the
  ships back to their home ports.

Chapter 8 Slide 8
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Maritime Trade in India
3b.) Sailors later discovered similar wind
patterns in the Bay of Bengal and the South China
Sea, which greatly enhance trade between India
and China.

• The journey between India and China could not be
  completed in a single monsoon season.

Chapter 8 Slide 8
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Q How would maritime trade have affected
Southeast Asia?
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Maritime Trade in India
3b.) Sailors later discovered similar wind
patterns in the Bay of Bengal and the South China
Sea, which greatly enhance trade between India
and China.

• The journey between India and China could not be
  completed in a single monsoon season.

• SEA ports prospered as the ships had to stop
  there. They traded with Southeast Asian traders
  as well.

Chapter 8 Slide 8
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Maritime Trade in India
4.) Maritime trade increased greatly between the
Roman Empire, India, Southeast Asia and China.
Q What problems would the traders encounter
while travelling across the seas?
Chapter 8 Slide 8
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Maritime Trade in India
4.) Maritime trade increased greatly between the
Roman Empire, India, Southeast Asia and China.
In 1025 CE, King Rajendra of the Chola Dynasty
sent a fleet of armed ships to Sumatra, Myanmar
and the Malay Peninsula in order to keep the
ships safe from pirates.
Chapter 8 Slide 8
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Maritime Trade in India

• The Indus people sailed along the coast of Persia
  to trade with the people of Mesopotamia.
• The Indus people may have borrowed the idea of
  using seals to mark ownership from the
  Mesopotamians.
• The monsoon patterns allowed Indian maritime
  trade to expand to Rome, China and Southeast
  Asia.
• The problem of piracy forced some rulers to send
  naval expeditions to suppress piracy.

Chapter 8 Slide 8
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Territorial Expansion in India

• Aryans moved into Ganges Plains c. 1500
  BCE
• Consequence Sanskrit language and culture
  gradually spread to other parts of India

Chapter 8 Slide 10
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• Indus Valley conquered by Alexander the Great in
  326 BCE
• Consequences
• Chaos and disorder in northern India allowed
  Chandragupta to establish rule
• Direct trade contact between India and the
  eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea was
  established

Chapter 8 Slide 11
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Diplomacy

• Diplomatic relations with kingdoms and empires
  outside India
• E.g. Greek Ambassador named Megasthenes
  stationed at Pataliputra, capital of the Gupta
  empire

Chapter 8 Slide 12