Ch 13

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Ch 13

• Scientific Revolution

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Early Science
People developed new ways to look at nature.
People have always watched the way plants
and animals grow, this was the beginning of
Science.
Science is the organized study of the World.
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The First Scientists
Early people studied the stars. This became
Astronomy.
The ancient Greeks used reason to study nature
and developed theories.
Aristotle gathered facts about plants and
animals. He classified them based on similarities
and differences.
Ptolemy, Egyptian astronomer stated that the sun
and Planets move around the Earth. Geocentric
Theory.
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Medieval Science
Religious ideas were the focus of the Middle Ages.
Arabs and Jews developed the Indian-Arabic number
system. Also advanced Medicine, Math
Astronomy.
Thomas Aquinas showed Christianity reason could
work together.
Exploration added to scientific knowledge. Better
maps charts. Learned about Oceans and
Continents.
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New Ideas
After the Reformation people realized scientists
needed to use math and experiments to advance.
This led to the Scientific Revolution. First
affected Astronomy. (Planets and the Stars.)
New discoveries challenged the idea that the
Earth was the center of the Universe.
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Copernicus Ptolemy
1543 Copernicus wrote, On the Revolutions of
the Heavenly Spheres.
His theory was Heliocentric, the sun was the
center of the Universe..
He believed the Earth and other planets traveled
in a circular path around the sun.
His theory disagreed with church teachings.
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Kepler's Ideas
German Astronomer. Used math to support
Copernicus.
He believed the planets traveled in ellipses.
Kepler believed the planets traveled faster as
they approached the Sun.
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Galileo's Achievements
Galileo believed that conducting experiments was
the way to achieve scientific knowledge.
His experiments proved that objects of different
weights fall at the same speed.
He designed a telescope and found evidence
supporting Copernicus.
He created a clock with a swinging pendulum.
In 1593 he developed a water thermometer.
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Rulers and Lutheranism
Some European rulers supported the Protestants.
They hoped to increase their power against the
Church.
1519 Charles V Holy Roman Emperor. Many
German Rulers became Lutheran to oppose him.
Charles went to war with the Lutherans. Could not
defeat Them. Peace of Augsburg allowed a
Protestant North.
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Ch 13

• Scientific Revolution

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Scientific Advances
1600s 1700s , Scientists began building on the
works of Copernicus, Kepler Galileo.
Advances were made in medicine, astronomy
physics.
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Newton's Universe
Newton was and English Mathematician.
He developed the idea of Gravity, the pull of the
Earth.
1687 published Principia. Newton gave his laws on
Motion.
His most important idea was the Law of
Gravitiation. Gravity holds the sun and planets
in orbit.
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Studying the Human Body
Greek Physician Galen studied the body, but
could not dissect humans.
1500s Andreas Vesalius began dissection. 154
published On the Structure of the Human Body.
Robert Hooke began using the microscope. He
discovered cells.
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek, discovered bacteria.
Robert Boyle worked with the elements.
1700s Lavoisier discovered gasses.
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Triumph of Reason
Thinkers believed science revealed the laws of
the Universe.
They believed you could use reason to solve human
problems.
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Descartes and Pascal
1637 Rene Descartes wrote the Discourse of Method.
He studied knowing what was true. I think,
therefore I am
He claimed Math was the source of scientific
truth.
He was the founder of Rationalism. (Reason)
Pascal believed that science and reason could
solve problems, but moral solutions came from
religion.
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Scientific Method
1600s Francis Bacon believed unproven, old ideas
should be set aside and examine the facts.
He developed the Scientific Method, a way to
collect and analyze evidence.
1st Observe the Facts. Find a Hypothesis. Test
your prediction. Modify after results.
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Bell Work 2/11/15

• Who were two famous thinkers of the Enlightenment
  and for what ideas were they known?
• Who were two famous scientists of the Scientific
  Revolution and for what ideas were they known?

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Ch 13

• The Enlightenment

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Natural law, or the law of nature (Latin lex
naturalis ius naturale), is a system of law
that is determined by nature, and so is
universal.1 Classically, natural law refers to
the use of reason to analyze human nature  both
social and personal and deduce binding rules
of moral behavior from it. Natural law is often
contrasted with the positive law of a given
political community, society, or state.
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Reason Politics
1700s, European thinkers began to think you
could use reason to shape behavior.
Thinkers believed Laws could improve society.
1700s became the Age of Enlightenment.
Thinkers used reason to improve the govt.
Idea of Natural Law, a law that applied to
everyone and could be understood by reason. Key
to good govt.
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Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes was an English Writer.
King Charles I parliament were in conflict over
power.
Charles I had signed the Petition of Right that
limited his power on taxes, imprisonment and
war.
Charles I ignored the petition and civil war
broke out.
Parliaments supporters executed Charles I.
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Hobbes's Beliefs
1651 Hobbes wrote Leviathan.
Hobbes felt a strong Absolute Monarch was the
best Govt.
Hobbes felt people were violent and selfish and
could not be trusted to make wise decisions.
He felt people would obey a govt with the power
of a Leviathan. (Sea Monster)
Hobbes theory was Absolutism. Total Power.
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John Locke
John Locke was an English thinker that supported
Natural Law and citizens rights.
Locke felt the Govt should answer to the people.
King James II was a strong ruler who eventually
fled England.
Glorious Revolution, Willam and Mary seize the
throne.
England becomes Constitutional Monarchy. Bill of
Rights.
1690 Locke, Two Treatises of Govt. Natural Law
Natural Rights Life, Liberty Property.
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Montesquieu Government
French thinkers wanted a change from an Absolute
Monarchs.
1748 he wrote, The Spirit of Laws.
He felt a separation of powers was the best govt.

• Legislative, Makes Law. 2. Executive Enforces
  Laws.
• 3. Judicial Interprets the Law.

His writings influenced the US Constitution.
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Bell Work 2/12

• What was the difference between Lockes and
  Hobbes views of government?

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Ch 13

• The Enlightenment

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Philosophies of France
1700s France became know for Philosophe.
Most philosophers were writers, teachers
journalists.
They supported scientific discovery, Freedom of
Speech and the right to liberty.
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Voltaire
Voltaire was a great thinker of the enlightenment.
He opposed the govt favoring 1 religion.
He criticized the Catholic Church for keeping
knowledge from the people.
Voltaire believed in Deism. God created the
universe and allowed it to run on Natural Law.
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Diderot's Encyclopedia
1700s Denis Diderot produced a 28
volume Encyclopedia.
Topics included religion, govt, science, history
art.
Diderot questioned traditional ways and
supported Religious freedom.
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Women the Enlightenment
1700s, Women began to call for equal rights.
1792 Mary Wollstonecraft wrote, A Vindication of
the Rights of Woman.
She stated that women should have the same
rights as men.
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Rousseau
Swiss thinker that questioned some of the ideas
of The Enlightenment.
1762 he published, The Social Contract
Everyone in society accepts being governed by
the general will.
What society as a whole wants, should be law.
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Absolute Monarchs
Many thinkers called for controls on the Govt.
Most countries had monarchs that claimed power
by the Will of God. (Divine Right)
They tried to improve society, but refused to
give up any power.
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France's Sun King
1643 Louis XIV, The Sun King came to power.
Built the Grand Versailles for ceremonies.
He held all power, I am the State
Wars cost money and many soldiers leaving France
weakened.
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German Rulers
Prussia and Austria were the 2 powerful German
states.
Fredrick the Great, 1740 1786 Strengthened
Expanded Prussia. First servant of the State
Austria was ruled by the Hapsburg family. 1740,
Ruler Maria Theresa brought reforms to improve
daily life.
1780 her son Joseph II freed the serfs and make
taxes equal. Opposed by nobles and backed down.
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Russia's Czars
Peter the Great wanted Russia to be a European
Power.
Peter fought with Sweden for land to the Baltic
Sea.
Built St. Petersburg which became capital in 1712.
1762 Catherine the Great took power and expanded
Russia.
Catherine supported the Enlightenment, but a
serf Revolt changed some of her thinking.
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Bell Work 2/13/2015

• Name three of the absolute monarchs of the
  Enlightenment period and describe their greatest
  accomplishments.
• Use three or more complete sentences to answer.

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