Information Systems In Hospitals

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Information SystemsIn Hospitals
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• What does System mean?
• A system is a group of interrelated components
  working together toward a common goal by
  accepting inputs and producing outputs in an
  organized transformation process.

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• An information system
• Is a collection of people, procedures, software,
  hardware, and data .They all work together to
  provide information essential to running an
  organization.
• (as we discussed in chapter 1).
• An information system, that combines a
  computer-based patient record with other modules
  that support clinical workflow is called a
  hospital information system (HIS).

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Software
Hardware
Control
Procedure
Input
Output
People
Data
Memory
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• A Hospital Information System (HIS)
• -Is a comprehensive, integrated information
  system designed to meet all the information needs
  within a hospital.
• -It can be composed of one or a few software
  components with specialty-specific extensions as
  well as of a large variety of sub-systems in
  medical specialties.

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• Applications
• A hospital information system has many different
  aspects incorporated within itself.
• Technology allows for the information within
  these systems to flow more easily and more
  accurately.
• Some of these systems include1- Laboratory
  Information System (LIS)2- Nursing Information
  System (NIS)3-Picture Archiving Communication
  System (PACS)4-Radiology Information System
  (RIS)
• 5-Pharamacy Information System (PIS)
• 6-Adminstration Information System.
• 7-Financial Information System (FIS)

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• Common Features-
• Patient Registration and scheduling.
• Patient List Management .
• Interface with different modalities.
• Department workflow management.
• Requesting.
• Result(s) Entry.
• Reporting and printout.
• Patient Tracking .
• Modality and Material management.
• Information storage and backup.

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• Advantages of HIS include
• 1-Improved quality of patient care.
• 2-Improved communications within the hospital.
• 3-Increased productivity.
• 4-Reduced chances of errors.
• 5-Reduced costs.

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• -Medical record, health record, or medical chart
  
• -Is a systematic documentation of a patient's
  medical history and care.
• -Traditionally, medical records have been written
  on paper and kept in folders.
• -An electronic health record (EHR) refers to an
  individual patient's medical record in digital
  format.

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• -Medical record, health record, or medical chart
  
• -Electronic health record systems co-ordinate the
  storage and retrieval of individual records with
  the aid of computers.
• -EHRs are usually accessed on a computer, often
  over a network.
• -It may be made up of electronic medical records
  (EMRs) from many locations and/or sources.
• -Among the many forms of data often included in
  EMRs are patient demographics, medical history,
  laboratory test results, radiology images,
  billing records and advanced directives.

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• Advantages of EHRs over paper-based records
• ? Complete patient data displayed in an
  integrated fashion that facilitates medical
  decision making.
• ? Access from any workstation in the hospital.
• ? Ability to enter orders, notes, data at same
  workstation.
• ? No double entry of information.
• ? Immediate availability of results.
• ? Simultaneous users can access same medical
  record.
• ? Access from on site or remote locations.
• ? No loss of patient information.

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• Nursing Information System
• -Information system that supports the use and
  documentation of nursing processes and provides
  tools for managing the delivery of nursing care.
• -It collects, stores, processes, retrieves,
  display, and communicate timely information
  needed in nursing practice, education,
  administration, and research.

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• Patient Charting
• A patients vital signs, admission and nursing
  assessments, care plan and nursing notes can be
  entered into the system either as structured or
  free text. These are the stored in a central
  repository and retrieved when needed.
• Clinical Data Integration
• Here clinical information from all the
  disciplines can be retrieved, viewed and analyzed
  by nursing staff and then integrated into a
  patients care plan.
• Decision Support
• They provide prompts and reminders, along with
  guides to disease linkages between
  signs/symptoms, etiologies/related factors and
  patient populations.
• Staff Schedules
• Nurse can self schedule their shifts using
  scheduling rules provided in shift modules.

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• Radiology Information System (RIS)
• -The RIS is a computerized system used by
  radiology departments to store, manipulate and
  distribute patient radiological data and imagery.
• -A modern Radiology Information System (RIS) is a
  pre-requisite for the efficient management of a
  department of Radiology.

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• -The system generally consists of patient
  tracking and scheduling, result reporting and
  image tracking capabilities.
• -Used to support both administrative and clinical
  operations.
• -RIS complements HIS (Hospital Information
  Systems) and are critical to efficient workflow
  to radiology practices.

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• Simple Workflow within RIS
• -A clinician orders a radiographic exam using the
  Hospital Information System (HIS).
• -Within minutes, the order subsequently appears
  at the modality in a
• list of patients requiring radiographs that day.
• -The radiology technicians select the appropriate
  patient from the list and conducts the study.
• -Once the images are generated, they are sent to
  a central local server and the exam is
  automatically completed and charged in the HIS.

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• -By simply clicking the view images button
  under the images tab in the HIS the images appear
  in an easy to use browser- based medical image
  viewer, or on a Digital Imaging and
  Communications in Medicine (DICOM) workstation
  program on the local computer.
• -In addition, the images and reports are
  accessible from anywhere inside the local area
  network (LAN) and also potentially available
  outside the clinic network via the world wide web.

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• DICOM Images
• -DICOM stands for Digital Imaging and
  Communications in Medicine.
• -Its a standard protocol for the transferring,
  displaying, and storing of medical images data.
• -Most modern imaging machines are capable of
  producing DICOM images.

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• DICOM Viewer
• -Is a specialized application software enables
  you to open, process, and interpret DICOM images.
• -There are a lot of DICOM Viewer applications
  available.
• -MicroDicom (Free).
• -RadiAnt.

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• The Basic requirements of a DICOM workstation are
  as
• follows
• -The ability to query and send image ?les to
  multiple DICOM devices, including other
  workstations
• -The capability to manipulate images
  (window/level, magni?cation, measurements,
  annotation, stack scroll, Invert, rotate, etc.)
• -A HIS/Radiology Information System (RIS)
  interface to link reports to the images
• -The ability to import/export other image types,
  such as jpeg, and convert them to DICOM
• -The functionality to allow dual monitor viewing
• -The ability to print DICOM images.

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• Picture Archiving and Communication System PACS
• What is PACS?
• -PACS refers to the host of technologies that
  contribute
• to the creation, distribution, and archiving of
  digital images.
• -Data workflow within PACS

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• -Typical PACS components include
• 1- A digital imaging modality or device
• 2- A network.
• 3-An archive device.
• 4-diagnostic workstations.
• 5-Archive/routing software, and
• 6-Some interplay with the hospital or radiology
  information system.

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• Potential Bene?ts of PACS
• Increased connectivity and integration between
  facilities and departments.
• Productivity improvements (less time spent
  looking for misplaced radiographs or ultrasound
  images, less time spent hanging/removing ?lms,
  less time distributing ?lms).
• Simultaneous viewing of the same images in
  multiple locations.
• Better image quality than analog ?lm or thermal
  prints.
• Provides an avenue for rapid consultation with
  specialists.

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• Laboratory Information system LIS
• A lab information system ("LIS") is a class of
  software that receives, processes, and stores
  information generated by medical laboratory
  processes.
• -These systems often must interface with
  instruments and other information systems such as
  hospital information systems (HIS).
• -Disciplines of laboratory science supported by
  LIS' include hematology, chemistry, immunology,
  blood bank (Donor and Transfusion Management),
  surgical pathology, anatomical pathology, flow
  cytometry and microbiology.

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• In summery, the Uses of computer in the hospital
  can be categorized into
• 1- Handling and processing Medical Data.
• 2- Decision support.
• 3-Medical education.
• 4-Medical searches.
• 5- Monitoring.