What%20is%20Immunity?

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What is Immunity?

• Immunity is defined as the physiological
  mechanisms that allow our bodies to recognize
  materials as foreign or abnormal and to
  neutralize or eliminate them.

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Types of Immunity

• Inherited Immunity
• Naturally Acquired Immunity
• Artificially Acquired Immunity

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Inherited Immunity

• Inherited Immunity Immunity to certain diseases
  is inherited

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Naturally Acquired Immunity

• Naturally Acquired Immunity
• Active Exposure to a disease makes us sick, then
  we are immune to becoming ill with the same bug
  again (ex. Measles)
• Passive A fetus receives protection from the
  mother through the placenta or an infant receives
  protection via the mothers milk.

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Artificially Acquired Immunity

• Active Injection of a causative agent, such as a
  vaccine for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) confers
  immunity. (Immunizations)
• Passive Injection of protective material
  (antibodies) into the body that was developed by
  another individuals immune system.

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Key Terms

• Antibody Immunoglobulin (IG) that is secreted by
  plasma cells. Combines with the type of antigen
  that stimulated its production. Directs the
  attack against the antigen or the cell it is
  attached to.
• Antigen Any foreign molecule that stimulates a
  specific immunity response.

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White Blood Cells Immune System Warriors

• Neutrophils
• Basophils
• Eosinophils
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
• Platelets

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Segmented and Band Neutrophils

• Produced in the bone marrow
• Function in
• Phagocytosis
• Release chemicals involved in inflammation
  (vasodilators and chemotaxins etc.)

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Basophils

• Produced in the bone marrow
• Release histamines and other chemicals involved
  in inflammation

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Eosinophils

• Produced in the bone marrow
• Functions
• Destroy multi-cellular parasites
• Participate in immediate hypersensitivity
  reactions

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Monocytes

• Produced in the bone marrow
• Functions
• Phagocytosis and intracellular killing
• Extracellular killing via secretion of toxic
  chemicals
• Process and present antigens to Helper T-Cells
• Secrete cytokines involved in inflammation in
  response to infection or injury.
• Transform into macrophages.

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Monocyte
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Lymphocytes

• Produced in the bone marrow, thymus and
  peripheral lymph glands
• B-cells
• Cytotoxic T-cells
• Helper T-cells NK cells -Natural Killer Cells

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Lymphocyte
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NK Cells
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Platelets

• Function in clotting of blood.

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Erythrocytes

• Red blood cell
• Work to transport oxygen to our tissues.

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Basic Mechanisms of Disease

• Genetic Mechanisms
• Tumors and cancer
• Physical and chemical agents
• Malnutrition
• Autoimmunity
• Inflammation
• Degeneration
• Pathogenic Organisms

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Pathogenic Organisms

• Prions Rogue proteins that recruit and
  convert normal proteins of the nervous system
  into abnormal proteins, causing loss of nervous
  system function.
• Examples?

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BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy)

• Progressive neurological disorder of
• cattle that results from infection by a prion.
  
• The normal prion protein changes into a
  pathogenic form that damages the central nervous
  system of cattle.
• Symptoms include a change in attitude and
  behavior, gradual uncoordinated movements,
  trouble standing and walking, weight loss
  despite having an appetite, and decreased milk
  production. Eventually the animal dies.

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Pathogenic Organisms

• Viruses Intracellular parasites that consist of
  a DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat
  and sometimes a lipoprotein envelope. They
  invade human cells and cause them to produce
  viral components.
• Examples?

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Smallpox Virus

• Smallpox is a serious,
• highly contagious, and
• sometimes fatal disease.
• Thanks to the success of vaccination, the
  last natural outbreak of smallpox in the United
  States was in 1949.
• Symptoms of smallpox usually appear within 7 to
  17 days after transmission of the smallpox virus
  (variola).
• Once symptoms begin, the first smallpox symptoms
  may be hard to distinguish from the
  symptoms of other flu-like illnesses.
  After a couple of days, a person with
  smallpox symptoms will begin to develop a
  smallpox rash.

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Pathogenic Organisms

• Bacteria Tiny, primitive cells that lack
  nuclei. They cause infection by parasitizing
  tissues or otherwise disrupting normal
  physiological function.
• Examples?

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Gonnorrhea

• Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted
• disease (STD). Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria
  gonorrhoeae.
• Symptoms include a burning sensation when
  urinating, or a white, yellow, or green discharge
  from the penis or vagina. Sometimes men with
  gonorrhea get painful or swollen testicles.

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Pathogenic Organisms

• Fungi Simple organisms similar to plants, but
  lacking in the chlorophyll that plants use to
  make their own energy. Because they cannot make
  their own food, fungi must parasitize other
  tissues, including those of the human body.
• Examples?

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Yeast Infections

• Candida is the scientific name for yeast. It is
• a fungus that lives almost everywhere,
• including in your body. Usually, your immune
• system keeps yeast under control. If you are
  sick or taking antibiotics, it can multiply and
  cause an infection.
• Yeast infections can occur in different parts of
  the body
• Thrush is a yeast infection that causes white
• patches in your mouth
• Esophagitis is thrush that spreads to
• your esophagus.
• Vaginal yeast infections cause itchiness,
• pain and discharge
• Yeast infections of the skin cause itching and
  rashes
• Yeast infections in your bloodstream can be
  life-threatening

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Pathogenic Organisms

• Protozoa Single-celled organisms that are
  larger than bacteria, whose DNA is organized into
  a nucleus. Many types of protozoa parasitize
  human tissues.
• Examples?

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Trypanosoma

• Trypanosoma brucei organism causes the disease
  known as African Sleeping Sickness.
• Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted to humans
  through either a vector (insect usually the
  tsetse fly) or the blood of ingested animals
• Symptoms include headache, weakness, joint pain
  in the initial stages anaemia, cardiovascular
  problems, kidney disorders as the disease
  progresses in its final stages, the disease may
  cause exhaustion fatigue during the day,
  insomnia at night, coma, ultimately death
• Disease affects as many as 66 million people in
  sub-Saharan Africa, but is not a large problem in
  developed countries.

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Trypanosoma
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Plasmodium falciparum

• Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoic parasite,
  one of the species of Plasmodium that cause
  Malaria in humans
• It is transmitted mosquitos. P. falciparum is
  the most dangerous of these infections as P.
  falciparum malaria has the highest rates of
  complications and mortality
• In addition it accounts for 80 of all human
  malarial infections and 90 of the deaths. It is
  more prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa than in
  other regions of the world.

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Plasmodium (Malaria)
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Pathogenic Organisms

• Pathogenic animals Large multicellular
  organisms such as insects and worms. Such
  animals can parasitize human tissues, bite or
  sting, or otherwise disrupt normal function.
  Many also serve as a vector for smaller
  pathogenic organisms.
• Examples?

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Tapeworms

• Human Tapeworm
• infestations are becoming more prevalent in the
  United States. Tapeworms are a form of Intestinal
  Parasites, which requires a host to continue
  development.
• Cooking meat and fish thoroughly and practicing
  good hygiene are two ways to prevent infestation.
  
• A human can ingest the parasitic eggs by handling
  stool and unknowingly put their fingers
• into their mouth, or they eat
• unwashed fruit or vegetables
• that were grown in contaminated
• soil or irrigated by the
• contaminated water.

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Control and Treatment

• Prions No known treatment
• Viruses Antivirals?
• Bacteria Antibiotics
• Fungi Antifungals
• Protozoa Antibiotics treatment of symptoms
• Pathogenic Animals Antihelmenthics (for worms)
  / Prevention with sprays and clothing.

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In Short

• The best defense is a good offense your immune
  system is your offensive line!