Life Science 2nd Semester Exam Review

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Life Science 2nd Semester Exam Review
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Basic Concepts
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Structure of Ecosystems/Levels of Organization

• Organism individual living (biotic) thing
• Population group of organisms, all of one
  species, which live in the same place and the
  same time
• Community all the populations of different
  species, same place, same time
• Ecosystem Populations of plant and animals that
  interact with each other in a given area and with
  the abiotic parts (non-living)
• Biosphere The portion of Earth that supports
  life

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Ribosomes and DNA
Has Nucleus
No Nuclear Membrane
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Cell Structure
CELL STRUCTURE
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Cell Structures

• 1. Cell wall rigid layer of nonliving material
  that surrounds the cells of plants
• Made of cellulose
• Protects and supports the cells

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• 2. Cell membrane Boundary that protects the cell
  from the environment controls what comes in and
  out
• All cells have
• Like a screen door

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3. Nucleus control center for the cell
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4. Ribosomes grain like bodies on the ER in
the cytoplasm
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5.Endoplasmic Reticulum (called ER) carry
proteins and materials within the cell
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6. Golgi Body receives and packages proteins
from ER and distributes around cell and body
(mailroom)
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7. Cytoplasm clear gelatinous fluid inside a
cell
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8. Vacuoles storage area of the cellPlant has
one large vacuoleStores food, waste, enzymes
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9. Mitochondria powerhouse of the cell where
cell energy comes from.
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10. Chloroplasts ONLY IN PLANTS captures
sunlight and produces food for the cell
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11. Flagella used for movement
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12. Cilia used for movement tiny hair-like
structures found on cells that need to move mucus
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D. Absence of a nuclear membrane
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B. Viruses require a host cell to reproduce.
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C. flagellum
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B. flagella
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EVOLUTION
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Questions they (OGT) has asked the last 4 years.
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D. Place the rabbit in a cage with a heated floor.
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B.
D.
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Evolution

• Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
• Natural Selection
• Only the strongest survive
• Darwin hypothesized that when animals had traits
  that helped them live, they would pass them on to
  their offspring.
• Animals who did not possess these traits died.

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Darwins Example

1. Darwin noted the different beak structures of
   finches depended on the island they came from.
2. Finches who lived on islands plentiful in nuts
   and berries had different beaks than finches who
   lived on islands plentiful in insects.

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Even though all these birds are finches they
developed different beaks depending on the
plentiful food source of specific islands.
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Examples of Natural Selection

• Galapagos Iguanas
• Some iguanas have evolved to eat algae.
• Some iguanas have developed large claws to help
  them cling to rock.
• These iguanas evolved from other iguanas because
  they need those two traits to survive.
• The algae eating, long clawed iguanas passed
  these trait on to their young.
• Iguanas not having that trait.

Everyday green iguana
Galapagos marine iguana
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Other adaptations

• Camaflouge
• a. Enables species to blend in with their
  surroundings.

Can you find the snakes head?
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• 2. Mimicry enables a species to look like other
  species

What part of the plant is this?
Its not part of the plant at all, its an insect.
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Darwin Hypothetical

• Lets say there was a new killer virus that
  affected dogs.
• This flu bug only affected dogs with long hair.
  So, if a dog had long hair (more than ¾ inch
  long) it would get the virus and die.
• In 20 years, will all dogs have long or short
  hair? WHY?
• All dogs would have short hair because all the
  long hair dogs have died from the virus. There
  would only be short haired dogs mating with short
  hair dogs.
• You could say all dogs with short hair were
  naturally selected to live. The dog species
  has evolved from having both short and long hair
  to having only short hair.

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REMEMBER

1. Populations evolve not individuals.

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B.
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C. Had a higher survival rate than light moths in
the same area
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One last thing the OGT might get you on

• Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1821)
• Came before Darwin
• Had some of the same ideas as Darwin
• No one ever believed him.
• Died in obscurity and poverty.

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Genetics

• 1. The dominant trait will always be visible
• 2. Dominant-always masks the recessive
  represented by uppercase letter (T, H, D, R)
• Recessive-will be masked by dominant represented
  by lowercase letter (t, h, d, r)
• -For a recessive trait to be visible, there must
  be two (tt, hh, dd, rr)

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Pedigrees
XY
XX
c
C
C
Father
Mother
Son
Daughter
Son
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Down Syndrome Karyotype
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Darwins Background

• Born in England, 1809 
• Studied Medicine at Edinburgh University
• Transferred to Cambridge University
• Studied to be a Minister

Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs
Division reproduction number, e.g.,
LC-USZ61-104.
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Charles Darwin

• Wrote in 1859 On the Origin of Species by Means
  of Natural Selection
• Two main points
• 1. Species were not created in their present
  form, but evolved from ancestral species.
• 2. Proposed a mechanism for evolution
  NATURAL SELECTION

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Darwins Voyage
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
http//player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?gui
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Example of Natural Selection
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Analogous Structures

• Different structure design, same purpose.

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Homologous Structures

• Different uses, same design

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What is Convergent Evolution?

• Different unrelated species demonstrate similar
  traits in response to environment.

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What is divergent Evolution?

• Common ancestor
• Develop different traits

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II. Mendels Legacy

1. Observed 7 traits (a genetically determined
   variant of a characteristic) of Garder Peas
2. Height
3. Flower position
4. Pod color
5. Pod appearance
6. Seed texture
7. Seed color
8. Flower color

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XI. Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive

• Purple is dominant over white
• PP (purple) x pp (white)

p
p
p
p
Genotypic ratio 40 Phenotypic ratio 4 purple
0 white
P
P
p
p
P
P
P
P
p
P
P
P
P
p
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XII. Homozygous dominant x heterozygous

• Purple is dominant over white
• PP (purple) x Pp (purple)

p
p
p
P
Genotypic ratio 22 Phenotypic ratio 4 purple
0 white
P
P
P
p
P
P
P
P
p
P
P
P
P
P
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XIII. heterozygous x heterozygous

• Purple is dominant over white
• Pp (purple) x Pp (purple)

p
P
Genotypic ratio 131 Phenotypic ratio 3
purple 1 white
P
P
P
p
P
P
P
p
p
p
P
p
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XIV. Incomplete dominance

• In roses (R red, Rr pink, rr white)

r
R
Genotypic ratio 131 Phenotypic ratio 1 red
2 pink 2 white
R
R
R
r
P
P
R
r
r
r
R
r
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XV. Co-Dominance

• In guinea pigs (B black, Bb black and white,
  bb white)

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c. taxonomy.

• The science of classifying living things is
  called
• a. identification. c. taxonomy.
• b. classification. d. speciation.

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c. become more similar in appearance.

• As we move through the biological hierarchy from
  the kingdom to species level, organisms
• a. vary more and more.
• b. are less and less related to each other.
• c. become more similar in appearance.
• d. always are members of the same order.

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c. Quercus.

• The organism Quercus phellos is a member of the
  genus
• a. Plantae. c. Quercus.
• b. phellos. d. Protista.

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d. toxicodendron.

• Poison ivy is also known as Rhus toxicodendron.
  Its species identifier is
• a. poison. c. ivy.
• b. Rhus. d. toxicodendron.

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d. Acer rubrum.

• The red maple is also known as Acer rubrum. Its
  scientific name is
• a. red maple. c. rubrum.
• b. Acer. d. Acer rubrum.

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c. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,
species.

• The correct order of the biological hierarchy
  from kingdom to species is
• a. kingdom, class, family, order, phylum, genus,
  species.
• b. kingdom, phylum, order, family, class, genus,
  species.
• c. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,
  species.
• d. kingdom, class, order, phylum, family, genus,
  species.

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b. species.

• The lowest hierarchy level in biological
  classification is the
• a. genus. c. family.
• b. species. d. order.

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d. species

• Which of the following is the least inclusive
  classification group?
• a. class c. phylum
• b. genus d. species

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• Refer to the illustration above. A branching
  diagram like the one shown is called a
• phenetic tree.
• c. family tree.
• cladogram.
• d. homology.

1. cladogram.

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d. the Galápagos Islands.

• Darwin drew ideas for his theory from
  observations of organisms on
• a. the Samoan Islands.
• b. Manhattan Island.
• c. the Hawaiian Islands.
• d. the Galápagos Islands.

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c. because of natural selection.

• According to Darwin, evolution occurs
• a. only through artificial selection.
• b. during half-life periods of 5,715 years.
• c. because of natural selection.
• d. so rapidly that it can be observed easily.

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c. the idea that species are permanent and
unchanging.

• When Darwin published his first book about
  evolution, he included all of the following ideas
  except
• a. the idea that species change slowly over
  time.
• b. the idea that some organisms reproduce at a
  greater rate than others.
• c. the idea that species are permanent and
  unchanging.
• d. the idea that some species become better
  suited to their environment than others.

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d. species change over time by natural selection.

• The major idea that Darwin presented in his book
  The Origin of Species was that
• a. species change over time and never compete
  with each other.
• b. animals change, but plants remain the same
  over time.
• c. species may change in small ways but cannot
  give rise to new species.
• d. species change over time by natural selection.

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b. organisms with traits well suited to their
environment survive and reproduce more
successfully than organisms less suited to the
same environment.

• Natural selection is the process by which
• a. the age of selected fossils is calculated.
• b. organisms with traits well suited to their
  environment survive and reproduce more
  successfully than organisms less suited to the
  same environment.
• c. acquired traits are passed on from one
  generation to the next.
• d. All of the above

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c. adaptation.

• The process by which a population becomes better
  suited to its environment is known as
• a. accommodation. c. adaptation.
• b. variation. d. acclimation.

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a. had a common ancestor.

• The species of finches that Darwin observed
  differed in the shape of their beaks. According
  to Darwin, all of these species probably
• a. had a common ancestor.
• b. had migrated from Africa.
• c. had descended from similar birds in Africa.
• d. ate the same diet.

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d. become increasingly different as each
population becomes adapted to its own
environment.

• Populations of the same species living in
  different places
• a. do not vary.
• b. always show balancing selection.
• c. are genetically identical to each other.
• d. become increasingly different as each
  population becomes adapted to its own
  environment.

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b. must compete for resources.

• Since natural resources are limited, all
  organisms
• a. must migrate to new habitats.
• b. must compete for resources.
• c. display vestigial structures.
• d. have inherited characteristics.

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Refer to the illustration above. The bones
labeled X can be referred to as a. vestigial
structures. b. sequential structures. c. homolog
ous structures. d. fossil structures.
c. homologous structures.
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a. share a common ancestor.

• Homologous structures in organisms provide
  evidence that the organisms
• b. must have lived at different times.
• c. have a skeletal structure.
• d. are now extinct.