Structure of Speeches

1
Structure of Speeches

• Sequential follows chronological order and lists
  events in the direct order in which they
  happened
• Problem-solution first presents a problem, then
  offers a solution to that problem
• Comparison-contrast focuses on topics being
  compared and contrasted, either point-by-point or
  one side at a time
• Cause-effect Used when explaining why something
  happened

2
Try it

• Our neighbors who have dogs need to remember the
  town ordinance dog waste must be picked up and
  disposed of by the owner. I know that owners
  occasionally forget to bring baggies with them
  when they walk their dogs. Thats why Im
  proposing that the town install waste-disposal
  stands on various streets. These stands will have
  a supply of bags and a special container where
  dog owners can dispose of their pets waste.

3
Answer

• Problem-solution
• Problem people not picking up after pets
• Solution special containers with bags

4
Try it

• The most important reason for teachers to use and
  discuss technology in the classroom is because
  our children are exposed to it every day. More
  than ever, children are using social-media
  websites like Twitter and facebook to communicate
  with family members and friends. Its important
  for children to understand both the benefits and
  the drawbacks of using such technology at an
  early age. Teachers can help children understand
  that Web sites are more than just places to chat
  with friends they are powerful tools that should
  be used with care. Finally, its also helpful for
  kids to see how they can use technology for their
  own learning and creativity. There are many sites
  that help young people tap into their knowledge
  and interests in ways that they can take pride in
  and share with others.

5
Answer

• Order of importance
• The most important reason for teachers to use and
  discuss technology in the classroom is because
  our children are exposed to it every day. More
  than ever, children are using social-media
  websites like Twitter and facebook to communicate
  with family members and friends. Its important
  for children to understand both the benefits and
  the drawbacks of using such technology at an
  early age. Teachers can help children understand
  that Web sites are more than just places to chat
  with friends they are powerful tools that should
  be used with care. Finally, its also helpful for
  kids to see how they can use technology for their
  own learning and creativity. There are many sites
  that help young people tap into their knowledge
  and interests in ways that they can take pride in
  and share with others.

6
Rhetorical Devices

• Stylistic techniques that authors and speakers
  use to make their words and message stand out
• Types
• Analogy
• Parallelism
• Repetition

7
Analogy

• A kind of comparison, like a simile or a metaphor
• The writer finds points of similarity between 2
  dissimilar things
• Extends the idea beyond a single sentence

8
Example

• Learning a new language is like being a small
  child all over again. You find yourself pointing
  at things, blurting out words, and hoping someone
  will understand. Meanwhile, people around you
  seem to be speaking a mile a minute, laughing
  with each other, but you have no idea what
  theyre saying. Frustrated that you cant express
  yourself or join in the conversation, you may
  have the urge to ball up your hands into fists,
  and cry.

9
Parallelism

• Writing has parallel structure when its nouns,
  verbs, phrases, modifiers, and so on, are in
  similar form
• Helps keep writing clear and adds emphasis

10
Examples of parallelism

1. Todays headlines encompass stories of union
   upheavals, tragic occurrences, and civil
   reactionaries. (all disturbing topics)
2. Local union leaders are voting either to remain
   with the national organization or to disband the
   local chapter completely. (choice of actions)
3. Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling. (with
   words and phrases)

11
Repetition

• Used to emphasize a point or to add dramatic
  effect
• Ex
• So let us begin anewremembering on both sides
  that civility is not a sign of weakness, and
  sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us
  never negotiate out of fear, but let us never
  fear to negotiate. Let both sides explore what
  problems unite us instead of belaboring those
  problems which divide us.
• --Kennedys inaugural address

12
Rhetorical Question

• A question asked for effect rather than in
  expectation of a reply
• Can we afford to gamble with our childrens
  futures?

13
Understatement (litotes)

• Deliberate understatement used for emphasis
• We had a nice little snack of roast beef, mashed
  potatoes, green beans, several side salads, and a
  choice of about a dozen desserts.
• Hyperbole
• deliberate exaggeration (opposite)
• Ive heard that excuse a million times.

14
Stereotype

• A generalization that allows a reader to quickly
  identify a character with a group.
• During the Cold War, a Russian was an enemy.