G.R.A.P.E.S

1
G.R.A.P.E.S

• Geography
• Religion
• Achievements
• Politics
• Economy
• Social Structure

2
Geography

• Location
• Expansion and the loss of land
• Resources
• ?

3
Location

• Rome is located on a peninsula in what is now
  France.
• Rome was built on along the Tiber River.
• Rome was built on seven hills Capitoline,
  Palatine, Aventine, Vinimal, Caelian, Esquiline,
  and Quirinal.

4
Punic Wars

• In the first Punic war, Rome fought Carthage for
  Sicily.
• The Second Punic war, Rome conquered Po Valley
  but, they lost Saguntum. After, Scipio fought
  Hannibal and won Spain back.
• The third Punic war didnt gain land but almost
  lost some.

5
Resources

• The Tiber River stretched 250 miles giving Rome a
  water supply.
• The Italian Peninsula had arable land.
• The Italian Peninsula surrounded by water which
  had benefits to trade.

6
Expansion

• Rome gained Italy in 264 B.C.E.
• The Etruscans expanded to Latium in 600 B.C.E.
• Rome conquered Po Valley during the second Punic
  war.
• Farming helped Rome grow because of the money
  that came in from selling the products

7
Religion

• Christianity
• Greek Mythology
• Roman Beliefs
• Etruscan Mysticism

8
Christianity

• Jesus was the Messiah which means, the anointed
  leader. It was told that he was Gods son sent
  down to see about human life.
• Christians were fed to the lions because Romans
  believed there are many gods and not just one.
• Well Jesus was in his 30s when he left home and
  went to visit his cousin John who was baptizing
  people in the Jordan River. After he, himself,
  was baptized he went into the desert for several
  weeks and came back and taught about Hebrew
  scripture.
• The Romans were afraid he was going to start a
  war. With this, they tried to find a reason to
  arrest him. Jesus ended up dying from
  crucifixion.

9
Greek Mythology

• Zeus was the main god in Greek mythology. Hera,
  the protector of married women and their house
  holds, was his wife.
• Poseidon and Hades were Zeus brothers. Poseidon
  was the god of the sea well Hades, was the god of
  the underworld. Apollo was the god of arts,
  prophecies, and healing. Ares was the god of war,
  Artemis was in charge of the woods and hunting,
  Aphrodite was the goddess of love and beauty, and
  Demeter looked over the crops, harvests, and
  farming. Athena was wise and calm. She gave the
  olive tree to the Greeks and was brave and fierce
  during war times.
• The gods acted like humans too. They fell in
  love, got married, got jealous and angry, and had
  children. Playing tricks and celebrating were
  always fun for them.

10
Roman Beliefs

• Many of the Romans beliefs came from the
  Etruscan, Greek, and other Italian spirits. Later
  on, people started to think that there emperor
  was a god.
• Romans believed there gods lived in trees, rocks,
  and plants like those. But, they built temples
  for the most important gods.
• Like the Greeks, they put there gods in human
  forms, like Jupiter was terrifying and proud, his
  wife, Juno, was ion the form of a peacock.
  Minerva was the goddess of wisdom and always
  dressed in armor.
• Romans worshipped in great temples and had
  shrines in their house. At the shrines, they
  worshipped daily to the gods.

11
Etruscan Mysticism

• Etruscans believed that lighting gave them signs
  of nature. They would look at the lighting before
  they went to battle to see who would win.
• Etruscans studied seasonal migration of birds.
• They would also cut animals open and read their
  internal organs before conducting a burial.
• Diviners read the stars for their layout of their
  towns.

12
Achievements

• Technology
• Science and astronomy
• Language and literature
• Water systems

13
Technology

• Over 50,000 miles of roads lead to Rome. Even
  today there are routes built on top of the roads
  that were meant to last.
• These roads were built mainly to move the army
  around faster. When not fight the soldiers would
  build the roads.
• There was a layer of large, flat stone laid at
  the bottoms of road beds. Smaller stones and
  gravel laid on top covered with paving stone and
  crushed rocks, or concrete. There was always a
  slight hump to drain the water.
• The roads sped up communication too. Messengers
  could travel 75 miles a day on horseback. It was
  also easier to see the world.

14
Water Systems

• The water systems were elaborate to supply the
  town with clean water. They built hundreds of
  miles of canals ad aqueducts to move water from
  mountains springs to plains below.
• Some Roman aqueducts are still used today.
• One in the city, ran through lead pipes for
  public fountains were most people got there water
  and to public baths.
• The engineers were amazing because there sewer
  systems could not be equaled until todays
  technology. People were

15
Science and Astronomy

• Claudius Ptolemy wrote a book, Almagest, saying
  we were the center of the universe and many
  people thought that this was true for centuries.
• Hypatia was a teacher of philosophy, astronomy,
  mathematics, and religion. There was a rumor
  going around saying that she talked about
  Christians in bad ways and was killed by a mob of
  Christians. She was noted to be the first women
  for excellence in mathematics.
• Under Roman rule science and mathematics grew
  very big.

16
Language and Literature

• First the main language was Greek but then went
  into Latin on the Western Roman empire. But,
  Greek stayed in the Eastern Roman Empire. The
  educated knew both of the languages.
• Well Augustus ruled it was part of the golden age
  of literature in Latin. During the peaceful years
  of the empire, he encouraged his writers and
  artist.
• Roman writers wrote poetry, tragedies, comedies,
  histories and a common theme patriotism.
  Patriotic writers glories Romes history
• Romance languages are based on Latin. Italian,
  French, Portuguese, and Romanian. English is not
  a romance language, but, most of are words have
  Latin roots.

17
Politics

• Emperors
• Roman Constitution
• Tripartite Government
• Patrons and Clients

18
Emperors

• Trajan hired honest and reliable people to be
  governors and gave a fund to the poor people,
  especially poor children.
• Hadrian reformed the Roman legal system and
  listened well to the concerns of his people.
• Nero established literary academies but was also
  very selfish and took most of everyone's money
  for luxuries purposes.
• Augustus built new aqueducts and tolerated
  criticisms and had a great sense of humor, but,
  was a very private person.

19
Roman Constitution

• The basic principles grew at this time because of
  the Struggle of the Orders. But, Check and
  Balances help with not to give to much power
  going to one branch.
• Rule of Law was the second basic principle. Rule
  of Law means the Romans accepted written laws.
• In 287 B.C.E., the law Lex Hortensia was past.
  This law gave plebeians many rights. For example
  this gave the Tribal Assemblies power to pass
  laws without the approval of Senate or Consuls.

20
Patrons and Clients

• Patrons were patricians, which were wealthy
  plebeians. Clients were plebeians.
• Patrons offered assistance to clients in return
  to get there political support.
• This relationship began earlier in the republic.
  This, also, allowed patricians to help people
  less-fortunate then themselves and receive there
  vote in return.

21
Triumvirate government

• A tripartite government means a three part
  government. It is made up of the Magistrates,
  Senate, and Assemblies. And these three reflected
  three different types of rule Monarchy,
  Oligarchy, and Democracy.
• The Magistrates represented the Monarchy. There
  were two consuls as the top magistrates who were
  elected for a one year term. They led the
  government and army and also acted as judges and
  priests.
• The senate represented the tradition of
  oligarchy. The senate advised the consuls and
  controls state finances and passed laws.
• The Two Assemblies made up the last branch and
  they represented the democratic element. The
  Centuriate Assembly placed all men in classes of
  how much military equipment they could provide.
  The wealthy patricians gained more votes since
  they had more money the plebeians. The Tribal
  Assembly plebeians were in charge. This Assembly
  became a powerful force in Rome. The Tribal
  Assembly elected the tribunes who had veto power
  over the branches

22
Economy

• Farming
• Trade
• Stable Currency
• Pax Romana

23
Farming

• There was a huge market for grain and olives.
• The farmers could even pay taxes with grain.
• With the money from the products, they paid for
  schools, temple, and public baths.
• Rome shipped some grain to armies to keep them
  strong.

24
Trade

• Rome traded to the Greeks, Egypt, and other
  places in Europe.
• Romans traveled by ships because it was safer
  then climbing mountains.
• Romans shipped goods like wool, linen cloth,
  glass, pottery, metal work, wine, and olive oil.
• They also shipped red pottery to Britain, silver
  bowls to India, and they sent bronze ware to
  Russia and northern Europe, and they also sent
  luxury goods like silk to as far as China.

25
Stable Currency

• Augustus issued a new currency in coins.
• The main coin was the gold denarius, second was
  the silver denarius. The silver was worth 12 less
  then the gold denarius.
• The coins were like news headlines.
• The coins were excepted all over the empire.

26
Pax Romana

• Pax Romana was the long time period when there
  was no fighting and we were in peace.
• During Pax Romana there wasnt a nation that was
  powerful enough to attack Rome.
• There were over 60 million people that were able
  to farm, trade, and do business peacefully.

27
Social Structure

• Role of men
• Role of women
• Patricians
• Plebeians

28
Role of Men

• The Roman families are patriarchal, or in other
  words, centered around men.
• The father or grandfather had complete control of
  his wife, children, and slaves. He could sell his
  own children as slaves or kill them if he chose
  to.
• When the father died, his eldest son would take
  the lead. If the father did not have a son in his
  family, his wife and daughters would have to
  live with his closest relative that was a male.
• Although he had a lot of power, he had to respect
  his family. If he didnt, he was not admired.

29
Role of Women

• Unlike the women in Greece, Roman women were
  allowed to own land. But, they had to have a male
  guardian through out her life.
• The most important role of a women was to bare
  children and raise them with traditional values.
• The ideal wife was being a faithful and a good
  mother devoted to her home and children.

30
Patricians

• Patricians are wealthy plebeians.
• Patricians held most government power especially
  in the Two Assemblies.
• Patricians were part of a system called Patrons
  and Clients. Patricians were Patrons and
  plebeians were Clients.
• The Patrons would help the Clients and in return
  they would get the Clients vote.

31
Plebeians

• Plebeians are the lower class group of the Roman
  society.
• Plebeians did not have control what so ever
  until, Lex Hortensia came into act. Meant that
  they didnt have to run everything by Senate or
  Consuls.
• They did not have as much money as the patricians
  and it was much harder for them to live since
  they didnt have good housing and the wealthy
  were sitting on silk pillows sipping wine.

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Conclusion

• The Romans were incredible people the were
  obviously glorified by the world. They inspired
  us to have so many things like building
  aqueducts, sewer systems, and much, much more.
  Everything was so important that without one of
  them, it could not be as great. I learned about
  the geography, religion, achievements, politics,
  economy, and social structures. They all have an
  impact of how I will look at Rome. Some day when
  I go there, I will think of how these people
  tried so hard to make the empire beautiful with
  paintings, building, and other architectural
  achievements. I will see the common people around
  me and the Patricians in front of me. I will see
  the roads that stretch thousand of miles and
  think of their great army. When I see statues of
  emperors I will think of how they led Rome to
  greatness and success. All in all, ancient Rome
  was a remarkable empire that will be remembered
  forever.