Chemistry

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Chemistry
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Chemistry Overview

• Inorganic
• Organic
• Biochemistry
• Analytical

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Matter

• Define
• Composition
• Fundamental Elements
• Atomic Particles

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States of Matter
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Energy

• Components
• Te Ke Pe
• Forms
• Chemical
• Electrical
• Mechanical
• Electromagnetic
• Conversions

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Matter and Energy Relationship
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Atoms

• Define
• Subatomic Particles
• Name
• Charge
• Location
• Function
• Atomic Symbol
• Atomic Number
• Mass Number
• Atomic Weight
• Charge

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Atomic Nucleus

• Protons AN
• Electrically neutral
• P E
• Neutrons AW
• Variable number
• Isotopes

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Energy Levels

• Electrons
• Orbitals
• Maximum e- number
• 2n to 2nd power
• n is 1, 2, 3 etc orbital
• Sublevels
• 2 electrons each
• s, p, d, f
• Valence
• Outermost
• Determines Chemical property of atom

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Electron Valence Shells

• Gain electrons
• Loose electrons
• Share electrons

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Reactive vs. Inert Atoms
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Molecules and Compounds

• Define
• molecule of an element
• Define
• molecule of a compound
• Define solution
• Solvent
• Solute

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Chemical Bonds Overview
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Covalent Bonds

• Strong
• Electrons shared
• Electrically neutral
• Types
• Single
• Double
• Triple

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Polar Covalent Bonds

• Slightly weaker than covalent
• Unequal electron sharing
• Allow for hydrogen bonds between other elements

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Ionic Bonds

• Do not share electrons
• Electrons gained or lost
• Create ions
• Cations
• Anions
• Stable
• Electron orbitals full
• Salts
• Dissociate
• Ions in solution
• Electrolytes

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Hydrogen Bonds
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Chemical Reactions

• Reaction components
• Reactants
• Products
• Direction indicated by arrows
• Types
• Decomposition
• Synthesis
• Displacement
• Reversible

• Reaction Rates
• Temperature
• Particle size
• Concentration of reactants
• Enzymes
• Energy requirements

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Inorganic Compounds

• No carbon-hydrogen as primary structure
• Small molecules
• Majority have ionic bonds
• Examples
• Water
• Salts
• Acids
• Bases
• Buffers

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Water

• 2/3 body weight
• 75 of cell volume
• Bonds
• Polar covalent
• Hydrogen
• Chemistry
• Dehydration synthesis
• Hydrolysis

• Properties
• Temperature
• Solvent
• Reactant
• pH
• Surface tension
• Solubility

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pH

• Define
• Math equation
• Scale
• Normal range
• Problems
• Acidemia, acidosis
• Alkalemia, alkalosis
• Compensated
• Uncompensated

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pH and pH Scale
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Buffers
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Chemical Buffer Systems

• Define
• Types
• Chemical
• Respiratory
• Renal

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Organic Compounds

• Contain
• Carbon-Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Covalent bonds
• Macromolecule classes
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Organic Functional Groups
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Carbohydrates

• Source
• Function
• Structure
• Formula
• Combinations
• Mono-
• Di-
• Poly-

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Glucose Chemical Structure
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Carbohydrate Interactions
Glucose C6H12O6
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Fatty Acid Structure
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Lipid Structure
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated
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Lipids

• Basic Structure
• Class Types
• Fatty Acids
• Glycerides
• Prostaglandins
• Steroids
• Phospholipids
• Glycolipids
• Function

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Proteins

• AA structure
• Bonds
• Shape
• Types
• Short chain
• Long chain
• Functions
• Fibrous
• Globular

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Amino Acid Structure
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Amino Acid named for its structure
Amine group
Carboxylic acid group
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Amino Acid Groups
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Peptide Bonds
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Fibrous Proteins

• Structure
• Support
• Movement/Contraction
• External Defense

Elastin and collagen
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Globular Proteins

• Transport
• Albumin
• Hemoglobin
• Hormones
• Metabolic
• enzymes
• Defense
• Immunoglobulins

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Enzymatic Reaction
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Enzyme Saturation Curve
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Enzyme Interactions
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Protein Denatured
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Nucleotide Structure
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Nucleic Acids
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Nitrogen Base Pairing

• DNA
• A-T
• T-A
• C-G
• G-C
• RNA
• U-A
• A-U

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Nucleic Acid Comparison

• DNA
• Double stranded
• Alpha Helix
• AT and CG base pairs
• Nucleus (eukaryotes)
• Semi-conservative replication creates daughter
  strands during S phase of cell cycle

• RNA
• Single stranded
• Different for each type
• AU and CG base pairs
• Cytoplasm
• Created from DNA for transcription and
  translation for protein synthesis

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DNA
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mRNA
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rRNA
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tRNA
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DNA Replication
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Transcription
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Translation
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Protein Synthesis
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High Energy Compounds
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Questions?