Changing the Living World

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Section 13-1
Changing the Living World A. Selective
Breeding 1. Hybridization 2. Inbreeding B. Increas
ing Variation 1. Producing New Kinds of
Bacteria 2. Producing New Kinds of Plants
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• Humans use _____________to pass desired traits on
  to the next generation.
• While inbreeding assures a set of characteristics
  it also causes __________________as well.
  (blindness, hip displeasure in dogs and
  hemophilia in humans)
• Wide _____________is found in natural
  populations. Breeders can artificially introduce
  variation by inducing mutations.
• Plants tolerate extra sets of chromosomes_________
  __ has resulted in new species of plants.

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Section 13-2
Manipulating DNA A. The Tools of Molecular
Biology 1. DNA Extraction 2. Cutting
DNA 3. Separating DNA B. Using the DNA
Sequence 1. Reading the Sequence 2. Cutting and
Pasting 3. Making Copies
132
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4
Genetic Engineering process in which a gene
from the DNA of one organism is removed, and then
transferred into the DNA of another organism
Boyle Cohen (1973) - FIRST people to
genetically engineer a new organism Removed the
gene for rRNA from a frog and inserted that gene
into the DNA of a bacterium. RESULT A bacteria
that produced large amounts of frog rRNA Genetic
engineering involves the making of a new
combination of __________________or more
different organisms
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• IF you can cut out a gene, WHAT do you use to
  carry that gene into the cell of another
  organism???
• Vector
• agent used to carry the _____________into
  another organism's cell
• EXAMPLES of vectors viruses, yeast or plasmids
• PLASMID
• ___________DNA molecules in bacteria that
• can replicate (copy itself) independently from
  the single main chromosome in bacteria

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Bacterial plasmids are often used to make
recombinant DNA.

• plasmids are loops of DNA in bacteria
• _________________cut plasmid and foreign DNA
• _______________inserted into plasmid

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Restriction enzymes_____________.

• Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors.
• come from various types of ______________
• allow scientists to more easily study and
  manipulate genes
• cut DNA at a specific ________________called a
  restriction site

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• Different restriction enzymes cut DNA in
  different ways.

• each enzyme has a different __________________

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• some cut _______________and leave blunt ends

• some make __________________and leave sticky
  ends

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• A restriction map shows the ______________________
  __ between restriction sites.

• only indicate size, not DNA sequence
• useful in genetic engineering
• used to study
• ____________

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______Electrophoresis

• Smaller fragments move _________and travel
  _________than larger fragments.

• Fragments of different sizes appear as bands on
  the gel.

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______uses polymerases to _______________segments.

• PCR makes ___________of a specific DNA sequence
  in a few hours.

• PCR amplifies DNA samples.
• PCR is similar to DNA replication.

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PCR is a _________________process.

• PCR uses four materials.
• DNA to be copied
• DNA polymerase
• A, T, C, and G nucleotides
• two primers

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• The three steps of PCR occur in a cycle.

• _______to separate double-stranded DNA molecules
• primers ________________strand on opposite ends
  of the segment to be copied
• _______________binds nucleotides together to form
  new strands of DNA

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Section 13-3
Cell Transformation A. Transforming
Bacteria B. Transforming Plant Cells C. Transformi
ng Animal Cells
153
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Genetic Engineering or____________________

• Connecting or recombining fragments of DNA from
  different sources
• 1. ________________DNA fragment to be inserted
• -Restriction enzymes- cut DNA strands at specific
  areas

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• 2. Attach DNA fragment _______________
• Vector- means by which DNA from another species
  can be carried into a host cell
• Biological vectors viruses, plasmids
• Mechanical vectors micropipette, gene gun
• 3. ______________ into a host organism
• ________________organism- plants and animals that
  contain functional recombinant DNA

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Section 13-4
Applications of Genetic Engineering A. Transgenic
Organisms 1. Transgenic Microorganisms 2. Transge
nic Animals 3. Transgenic Plants B. Cloning
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• Biotechnology is a result of genetic engineering.
• Transgenic Microorganisms
• Used in__________________. They are easy to grow
  and reproduce rapidly.
• Transgenic Animals
• Used to improve the ________________by making
  animals stronger
• Transgenic Plants
• Genetically modified ___________________the food
  supply, and additionally are able to produce a
  naturally occurring herbicide.

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Cloning occurs in ___________________.

• _______________ (binary fission)
• some plants (from______________)
• some __________________(budding, regeneration)

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Mammals can be cloned through a process called
_________ ________________.

• nucleus is removed from an egg cell
• nucleus of a cell from the animal to be cloned is
  _______________ in the egg

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Cloning has potential benefits.

• __________for transplant into humans
• save _____________________ species
• Cloning raises concerns.
• low _______________ rate
• clones imperfect and __________ than original
  animal
• decreased ___________________

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Genetic engineering produces _____________________
_ traits.

• A transgenic organism has one or more genes from
  another organism inserted into its genome.

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• Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce human
  ___________.

• gene inserted into plasmid
• plasmid inserted into bacteria
• bacteria express the gene
• Transgenic plants are common in ________________.
• transgenic bacteriainfect a plant
• plant expressesforeign gene
• many crops are nowgenetically modified(GM)

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• Transgenic animals are used to _______________
  and gene functions.

• transgenic mice used to study development and
  disease
• gene knockout mice used to study gene function

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Section 14-3

• Human Molecular Genetics
• A. Human DNA Analysis
• Testing for Alleles
• 2. DNA Fingerprinting
• B. The Human Genome Project
• 1. Rapid Sequencing
• 2. Searching for Genes
• 3. A Breakthrough for Everyone
• C. Gene Therapy
• D. Ethical Issues in Human Genetics

14-3
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• Testing for Alleles
• Alleles responsible for genetic disorders have a
  different ________________ than the normal
  counterpart.
• Genetic testing Genetic tests have been
  developed to spot the ______________ sequence.
  Other tests detect changes in restriction enzyme
  cutting sites or differences in lengths of normal
  and abnormal alleles.
• Prenatal Testing
• Amniocentesis sample of fluid
• surrounding the fetus is taken with a long, thin
  needle
• Cells from the fluid can be grown in culture and
• karyotype prepared

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• Human Genome Project
• Started in 1990.
• Objective To sequence all human DNA.
• Finished in June 2000.
• First ______________ were found that allowed the
  DNA to be broken down to smaller segments.
• Second Private companies used a shot gun
  approach to sequence _______________________.
• Third _________________ were used to find
  overlapping regions between the fragments to
  place them in order.

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• __________________ is determining the order of
  DNA nucleotides in genes or in genomes.

• The genomes of several different organisms have
  been sequenced.

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Technology allows the study and comparison of
both _______________________________.

• __________________is the use of computer
  databases to organize and analyze biological
  data.
• DNA microarrays are used to study the expression
  of many genes at once.

• ____________is the study and comparison of
  proteins.

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• DNA Fingerprints
• Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) -
  used to identify________________________________
• Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into
  _____________ that have SPECIFIC
  ________________________.
• DNA of different people contain different
  nucleotides sequences restriction enzymes cut
  the DNA from different people into pieces of
  DIFFERENT lengths.
• Separate the pieces by gel _____________________
  - DNA has
• negative charge smaller pieces move
  _________________pieces
• This produces a series of bands DNA
  fingerprint!!
• May use blood, hair, semen, bone - any cell with
  DNA.

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A DNA fingerprint is a type of restriction map.

• DNA fingerprints are based on parts of an
  individuals DNA that can by used for
  identification.
• based on ______________________of DNA
• noncoding regions have repeating DNA sequences
• number of repeats differs _______________
• ________________ on a gel is a DNA fingerprint

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• DNA fingerprinting is used in several ways.

• evidence in criminal cases
• __________ tests
• immigration requests
• studying __________

• tracking ___________ modified crops

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• Gene Therapy
• An absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal
  working gene.
• Vector Benign virus is modified with the working
  gene then introduced into the body to start
  replicating the gene.
• Mixed results to date, it is still a high risk,
  experimental procedure.
• Ethical Issues
• Disease cure is generally accepted.
• Bioengineering to produce ideal human is not
  and becomes a societal discussion and decision
  question.

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Genetic screening can detect genetic disorders.

• Genetic screening involves the __________________.
  
• determines risk of havingor passing on a
  _______disorder
• used to ______________genes or proteins
• can detect some genesrelated to an
  increased___________________
• can detect some genesknown to cause
  geneticdisorders

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• Several experimental techniques are used for gene
  therapy.

• genetically __________________ used to infect a
  patients cells
• insert gene to _______________system to attack
  cancer cells
• insert suicide genes into _______________that
  activate a drug

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• Scientists have concerns about some uses of
  genetic engineering.

• possible long-term ___________of eating GM foods
• possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and
  biodiversity