Title: Children
1Children
11
- Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood
2Skeletal and Muscular Systems
- During the elementary school years, children
- Grow 2 to 3 inches a year until age 11
- Gain about 5 to 7 pounds a year
- Double strength capabilities
- Proportional changes
3The Brain
What Changes Take Place in Body Growth, Brain,
and Motor Development?
- Increased myelination
- Faster, effective processing of information
- Middle/late childhood
- Brain volume stabilization
- Prefrontal circuitry and pathways increase
- Significant changes in structures and regions
- Attention, reasoning, cognitive control
- Increased cortical thickness
- Synaptic pruning occurs
4Overweight Children
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
- Overweight
- Increasing health problem in the U.S.
- BMI used to measure children
- Worldwide more children overweight
- Recently in U.S. obesity leveling off
- Risk factor the earlier the child is overweight,
the more risk of obesity in adolescence
5Overweight Children
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
- Factors linked to overweight childhood
- Genetics, heredity
- Environmental factors
- Availability of food and types
- Eating patterns and habits
- Cultural influences
- Parental supervision, attitudes
- Television watching, low activity behaviors
6Overweight Children
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
- Consequences of overweight childhood
- Risk of medical problems
- Pulmonary/airway obstruction, sleep apnea
- Bone, hip problems
- Diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol
- Cardiovascular risk higher in low SES
- Risk of psychological problems
- Lower self-esteem, tired, less attractive
- Peer relations rejection and withdrawal
7Overweight Children
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
- Treatment
- Combination of
- Diet, weight loss programs
- Exercise, calorie-burning activities
- Behavior modification, lifestyle changes
- Daily diary provides feedback, reinforcement
- Intervention programs vary
- Schools, parents are very important for change
- Activity levels are not hereditary
8Diseases
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
- Four childhood diseases most harmful
- Cancer
- Child cancers attack all areas of body
- By age 19 1 in 330 children in U.S. get cancer
- Little known about causes, possible genetics
- Diabetes
- Type I and Type II
- Highest risk obesity and Type II
- Ethnic groups at higher risk of diabetes
9Diseases
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
- Asthma
- Incidence has steadily increased over years
- Affected by increased air pollution
- Most common childhood chronic disease
- Primary reason for missing school, ER visits
- Exact causes unknown blames allergic reactions
to environmental substances - Treated with inhalers, medications
- Child may outgrow by late adolescence
10Accidents and Injuries
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
- Injuries
- Middle/late childhood leading cause of death
- Most common motor vehicle accidents
- Serious injuries caused by sports equipment
- Most accidents occur near home or school
- Prevention strategies best
- Safety equipment, minimize risky behaviors,
proper adult supervision
11Exercise and Sports
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
- Sports
- Involvement of children increasing every year
- Positive consequences
- Healthy exercise, opportunities to learn, raises
self-esteem, good peer relationships - Negative consequences
- Pressure to win/achieve, physical injuries,
academic work falters, too competitive,
unrealistic expectations for athletic success
12Exercise and Sports
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
- Exercise
- Children not exercising enough
- Less P.E. programs/involvement in school
- TV watching promotes sedentary lifestyles
- High-intensity resistance exercise
- Decreases body fat, lessens overweight risks
- Increases muscle strength
- Linked to important cognitive activity
- Opportunities, parental encouragement a must
13Parents Guide for Children
- Pros
- Exercise
- Opportunities to learn how to compete
- Self-esteem
- Setting for developing peer relations and
friendships
- Cons
- Pressure to achieve, high stress created
- Physical injuries
- Distraction from academic work
- Exploitation
- Wrong values taught win-at-all-costs
14Nutrition
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
- Middle/late childhood
- Average childs body weight doubles
- Food consumption increases with age
- Age 1-3 needs 1,300 calories per day
- Age 4-6 needs 1,700 calories per day
- Age 7-10 needs 2,400 calories per day (needs
vary with size, activity level) - Healthy, balanced meals, and eating patterns are
most important
15Motor Development
What Changes Take Place in Body Growth, Brain,
and Motor Development?
- Middle/late childhood
- Smoother movement, better coordination
- Mastered skills become source of pleasure
- Boys usually better in gross motor skills
- Activity helps refine developing skills
- Hands used more as tools, steadier by age 7
- Age 8-10 more independent with hands
- Fine motor skills in writing develop
- Age 10-12 manipulative skills like adults
16Who Are Children with Disabilities?
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
- About 10 of U.S. children receive special
education or related services - Learning disability (includes ADHD)
- Speech and sensory disorders
- Physical disorders
- Emotional and behavioral disorders
17Learning Disabilities
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
- Learning disability includes
- A minimum IQ level
- A significant difficulty in a school-related area
- Exclusion of other conditions
- Boys classified 3 times more than girls
- Diagnosis difficult
18Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
- Children consistently show one or more of the
following characteristics - Inattention
- Hyperactivity
- Impulsivity
19Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
- Many possible causes heredity may play role
- Undergoes extensive evaluations
- Usually treated with stimulant drugs
- Controversial
20Educational Issues
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
- Public Law 94-142 (Education for All Handicapped
Children Act) - Requires that all children with disabilities be
given free, appropriate public education - Renamed Individuals with Disabilities Education
Act (IDEA) in 1990
21Educational Issues
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
- IDEA amendments in 1997
- Use of instructional technology
- Use of assistive technology
- Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
- Least restrictive environment (LRE)
- Mainstreaming renamed inclusion
22Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
- Written statement that spells out program
tailored to child with disability - Related to childs learning capacity
- Designed to meet childs individual needs
- Designed to provide educational benefits
23Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
- Child with disability must be educated in setting
as similar as possible to one in which children
without a disability are educated - Inclusion educating special-needs child
full-time in the regular classroom