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Children

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Children 11 Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood Skeletal and Muscular Systems During the elementary school years, children Grow 2 to 3 inches a year ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Children


1
Children
11
  • Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood

2
Skeletal and Muscular Systems
  • During the elementary school years, children
  • Grow 2 to 3 inches a year until age 11
  • Gain about 5 to 7 pounds a year
  • Double strength capabilities
  • Proportional changes

3
The Brain
What Changes Take Place in Body Growth, Brain,
and Motor Development?
  • Increased myelination
  • Faster, effective processing of information
  • Middle/late childhood
  • Brain volume stabilization
  • Prefrontal circuitry and pathways increase
  • Significant changes in structures and regions
  • Attention, reasoning, cognitive control
  • Increased cortical thickness
  • Synaptic pruning occurs

4
Overweight Children
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
  • Overweight
  • Increasing health problem in the U.S.
  • BMI used to measure children
  • Worldwide more children overweight
  • Recently in U.S. obesity leveling off
  • Risk factor the earlier the child is overweight,
    the more risk of obesity in adolescence

5
Overweight Children
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
  • Factors linked to overweight childhood
  • Genetics, heredity
  • Environmental factors
  • Availability of food and types
  • Eating patterns and habits
  • Cultural influences
  • Parental supervision, attitudes
  • Television watching, low activity behaviors

6
Overweight Children
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
  • Consequences of overweight childhood
  • Risk of medical problems
  • Pulmonary/airway obstruction, sleep apnea
  • Bone, hip problems
  • Diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol
  • Cardiovascular risk higher in low SES
  • Risk of psychological problems
  • Lower self-esteem, tired, less attractive
  • Peer relations rejection and withdrawal

7
Overweight Children
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
  • Treatment
  • Combination of
  • Diet, weight loss programs
  • Exercise, calorie-burning activities
  • Behavior modification, lifestyle changes
  • Daily diary provides feedback, reinforcement
  • Intervention programs vary
  • Schools, parents are very important for change
  • Activity levels are not hereditary

8
Diseases
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
  • Four childhood diseases most harmful
  • Cancer
  • Child cancers attack all areas of body
  • By age 19 1 in 330 children in U.S. get cancer
  • Little known about causes, possible genetics
  • Diabetes
  • Type I and Type II
  • Highest risk obesity and Type II
  • Ethnic groups at higher risk of diabetes

9
Diseases
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
  • Asthma
  • Incidence has steadily increased over years
  • Affected by increased air pollution
  • Most common childhood chronic disease
  • Primary reason for missing school, ER visits
  • Exact causes unknown blames allergic reactions
    to environmental substances
  • Treated with inhalers, medications
  • Child may outgrow by late adolescence

10
Accidents and Injuries
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
  • Injuries
  • Middle/late childhood leading cause of death
  • Most common motor vehicle accidents
  • Serious injuries caused by sports equipment
  • Most accidents occur near home or school
  • Prevention strategies best
  • Safety equipment, minimize risky behaviors,
    proper adult supervision

11
Exercise and Sports
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
  • Sports
  • Involvement of children increasing every year
  • Positive consequences
  • Healthy exercise, opportunities to learn, raises
    self-esteem, good peer relationships
  • Negative consequences
  • Pressure to win/achieve, physical injuries,
    academic work falters, too competitive,
    unrealistic expectations for athletic success

12
Exercise and Sports
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
  • Exercise
  • Children not exercising enough
  • Less P.E. programs/involvement in school
  • TV watching promotes sedentary lifestyles
  • High-intensity resistance exercise
  • Decreases body fat, lessens overweight risks
  • Increases muscle strength
  • Linked to important cognitive activity
  • Opportunities, parental encouragement a must

13
Parents Guide for Children
  • Pros
  • Exercise
  • Opportunities to learn how to compete
  • Self-esteem
  • Setting for developing peer relations and
    friendships
  • Cons
  • Pressure to achieve, high stress created
  • Physical injuries
  • Distraction from academic work
  • Exploitation
  • Wrong values taught win-at-all-costs

14
Nutrition
What Are Central Issues in Childrens Health?
  • Middle/late childhood
  • Average childs body weight doubles
  • Food consumption increases with age
  • Age 1-3 needs 1,300 calories per day
  • Age 4-6 needs 1,700 calories per day
  • Age 7-10 needs 2,400 calories per day (needs
    vary with size, activity level)
  • Healthy, balanced meals, and eating patterns are
    most important

15
Motor Development
What Changes Take Place in Body Growth, Brain,
and Motor Development?
  • Middle/late childhood
  • Smoother movement, better coordination
  • Mastered skills become source of pleasure
  • Boys usually better in gross motor skills
  • Activity helps refine developing skills
  • Hands used more as tools, steadier by age 7
  • Age 8-10 more independent with hands
  • Fine motor skills in writing develop
  • Age 10-12 manipulative skills like adults

16
Who Are Children with Disabilities?
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
  • About 10 of U.S. children receive special
    education or related services
  • Learning disability (includes ADHD)
  • Speech and sensory disorders
  • Physical disorders
  • Emotional and behavioral disorders

17
Learning Disabilities
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
  • Learning disability includes
  • A minimum IQ level
  • A significant difficulty in a school-related area
  • Exclusion of other conditions
  • Boys classified 3 times more than girls
  • Diagnosis difficult

18
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
  • Children consistently show one or more of the
    following characteristics
  • Inattention
  • Hyperactivity
  • Impulsivity

19
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
  • Many possible causes heredity may play role
  • Undergoes extensive evaluations
  • Usually treated with stimulant drugs
  • Controversial

20
Educational Issues
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
  • Public Law 94-142 (Education for All Handicapped
    Children Act)
  • Requires that all children with disabilities be
    given free, appropriate public education
  • Renamed Individuals with Disabilities Education
    Act (IDEA) in 1990

21
Educational Issues
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
  • IDEA amendments in 1997
  • Use of instructional technology
  • Use of assistive technology
  • Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
  • Least restrictive environment (LRE)
  • Mainstreaming renamed inclusion

22
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
  • Written statement that spells out program
    tailored to child with disability
  • Related to childs learning capacity
  • Designed to meet childs individual needs
  • Designed to provide educational benefits

23
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
  • Child with disability must be educated in setting
    as similar as possible to one in which children
    without a disability are educated
  • Inclusion educating special-needs child
    full-time in the regular classroom
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