TERRESTRIAL (LAND) BIOMES

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TERRESTRIAL (LAND) BIOMES
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DEFINITIONS

• Abiotic Factors nonliving factors that shape an
  ecosystem (Ex. Temperature, Precipitation Soil
  Type)
• Biotic Factors living factors in an ecosystem
  (Ex. Plants, Animals, Fungus Bacteria)
• Biome a group of ecosystems that have similar
  climate and dominant communities (plants
  animals)

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TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Parts of South and Central America, Southeast
  Asia, parts of Africa, southern India, and
  northeastern Australia

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ABIOTIC FACTORS

• TEMPERATURE
• Warm / hot year-round (25OC)
• PRECIPITATION
• Wet year-round (100-300 cm a year)
• SOIL
• Thin, nutrient-poor soils

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BIOTIC FACTORS

• PLANTS
• Broad-leaved evergreen trees, ferns, large woody
  vines and climbing plants, orchids and bromeliads
• ANIMALS
• Sloths, jaguars, anteaters, monkeys, birds,
  butterflies, ants, beetles, piranhas, boa
  constrictors, anacondas

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PLANT ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Grow toward canopy for sunlight
• 2. Waxy coating on leaves to prevent absorption
  of precipitation

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ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Live in canopy for protection from predators
  
• 2. Camouflage

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HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES

• Deforestation (cutting down trees)

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MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS

• Competition among plants/animals
• Deforestation
• Flooding
• Overhunting

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SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

• Clownfish/sea anenome - Mutualism

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TROPICAL DRY FOREST
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Parts of Africa, South and Central America,
  Mexico, India, Australia and other tropical
  islands

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ABIOTIC FACTORS

• TEMPERATURE
• Generally warm year-round
• PRECIPITATION
• Alternating wet and dry seasons
• SOIL
• Rich soils subject to erosion

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BIOTIC FACTORS

• PLANTS
• Tall, deciduous trees (birch, oak and pecan),
  orchids and bromeliads, aloes and other
  succulents (cactus)
• ANIMALS
• Tigers, monkeys, elephants, birds, hog deer,
  termites, snakes, monitor lizards

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PLANT ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Trees shed leaves to conserve water
  
• 2. Drought-tolerant

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ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Camouflage
  
• 2. Live in canopy for protection from predators

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HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES

• Deforestation
• Overhunting

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MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS

• Lack of rain (only 1 season)
• Fires
• Poaching
• Deforestation

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SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

• Termite/Protist living inside termite - Mutualism

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TROPICAL SAVANNA
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Large parts of eastern Africa, southern Brazil,
  northern Australia

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ABIOTIC FACTORS

• TEMPERATURE
• Warm temperatures
• PRECIPITATION
• Seasonal rainfall
• SOIL
• Compact soil

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BIOTIC FACTORS

• PLANTS
• Tall, perennial grasses, drought-tolerant and
  fire-resistant trees or shrubs
• ANIMALS
• Lions, leopards, hyenas, elephants, giraffes,
  antelope, zebra, stork, eagles, termites

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PLANT ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Drought-resistant
  
• 2. Fire-resistant

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ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Travel/Hunt in groups or packs
  
• 2. Grazing Animals lick the dew off the grass

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HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES

• Overhunting
• Fires

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MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS

• Lack of rain (only 1 season)
• Competition
• Fires
• Poaching

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SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

• Gazelle/Ostrich - Mutualism

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DESERT
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Africa, Asia, the Middle East, United States,
  Mexico, South America and Australia

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ABIOTIC FACTORS

• TEMPERATURE
• Variable temperatures (hot days and cool nights)
• PRECIPITATION
• Low precipitation (less than 25 cm a year)
• SOIL
• Soils rich in minerals but poor in organic
  material

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BIOTIC FACTORS

• PLANTS
• Cacti and other succulents, creosote bush,
  sagebrush
• ANIMALS
• Mountain lions, foxes, deer, antelopes, bats,
  owls, hawks, roadrunners, ants, beetles,
  butterflies, flies, rattlesnakes, lizards

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PLANT ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Drought-resistant
  
• 2. Store water

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ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Nocturnal - awake at night, sleep during day
  
  
• 2. Camouflage

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HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES

• Urbanizing deserts

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MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS

• Lack of rain, heat, extreme temperature changes

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SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

• Yucca plant/Yucca moth - Mutualism

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TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Central Asia, North America, Australia, central
  Europe and upland plateaus of South America

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ABIOTIC FACTORS

• TEMPERATURE
• Warm to hot summers, cold winters
• PRECIPITATION
• Moderate, seasonal precipitation
• SOIL
• Fertile soils

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BIOTIC FACTORS

• PLANTS
• Lush, perennial grasses and herbs, corn, wheat
  and other grains
• ANIMALS
• Coyotes, badgers, mule deer, antelopes, rabbits,
  prairie dogs, cattle, hawks, owls, snakes, ants,
  grasshoppers

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PLANT ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Drought-resistant
  
  
• 2. Fire-resistant

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ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Grazing Animals - lick dew off the grass
  
• 2. Endure Cold Winters

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HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES

• Overhunting
• Overfarming (Dust Bowl of 1930s)
• Fires

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MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS

• Fires
• Lack of rain (only one season)
• Overgrazing
• Overfarming

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SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

• Cowbird/Cow - Commensalism

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TEMPERATE WOODLAND SHRUBLAND
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Western coasts of North and South America, areas
  around the Mediterranean Sea, South Africa and
  Australia

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ABIOTIC FACTORS

• TEMPERATURE
• Hot summers and cool winters
• PRECIPITATION
• Dry summers and moist winters
• SOIL
• Thin, nutrient-poor soils

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BIOTIC FACTORS

• PLANTS
• Woody evergreen shrubs with small, leathery
  leaves (mesquite), oily herbs (rosemary),
  wildflowers, oak trees
• ANIMALS
• Coyotes, foxes, mountain lions, deer, rabbits,
  squirrels, hawks, quails, lizards, snakes,
  butterflies

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PLANT ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Drought - resistant
  
• 2. Short and stunted (store water in thick stems)

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ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Thick, watertight coverings -
  reptiles/insects
• 2. Nocturnal

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HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES

• Deforestation
• Fires

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MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS

• Deforestation
• Fires
• Lack of rain (one season only)
• Eliminating predators leading to overpopulation
  of prey

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SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

• Silverfish/Army ants - Commensalism

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TEMPERATE FOREST
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Eastern United States, southeastern Canada, most
  of Europe, and parts of Japan, China and Australia

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ABIOTIC FACTORS

• TEMPERATURE
• Cold to moderate winters, warm summers
• PRECIPITATION
• Year-round precipitation
• SOIL
• Fertile soils with humus

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BIOTIC FACTORS

• PLANTS
• Deciduous trees (maple, birch, beech), flowering
  shrubs, herbs, a ground layer of mosses and ferns
• ANIMALS
• Deer, black bears, bobcats, squirrels, raccoons,
  skunks, songbirds, turkeys

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PLANT ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Small plants must grow quickly and flower
  before large trees leaf out
  
• 2. Broadleaves on deciduous trees to obtain
  sunlight

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ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Layer of fat and fur to endure winters
  
• 2. Migrate

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HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES

• Overhunting
• Deforestation (for farming because of the humus)

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MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS

• Cold weather
• Overhunting
• Deforestation
• Tree diseases

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SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

• Honey guide bird/Badger - Mutualism

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NW CONIFEROUS FOREST
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Pacific coast of northwestern United States and
  Canada, from northern California to Alaska

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ABIOTIC FACTORS

• TEMPERATURE
• Mild temperatures, relatively cool, dry summer
• PRECIPITATION
• Abundant precipitation during fall, winter and
  spring
• SOIL
• Rocky, acidic soils

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BIOTIC FACTORS

• PLANTS
• Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, western hemlock,
  redwoods, flowering trees and shrubs (dogwood)
• ANIMALS
• Bears, elk, deer, beavers, owls, bobcats, weasels

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PLANT ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Small plants must "fight" for sunlight under
  the shade of larger trees
  
  
• 2. Waxy coating to prevent absorbing too much
  precipitation

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ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Migrate
  
• 2. Hibernate

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HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES

• Deforestation
• Overhunting

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MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS

• Competition among plants/ animals
• Deforestation
• Overhunting
• Forest fires

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SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

• Bees/Dogwood - Mutualism

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BOREAL FOREST (TAIGA)
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• North America, Asia and northern Europe

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ABIOTIC FACTORS

• TEMPERATURE
• Long, cold winters short, mild summers
• PRECIPITATION
• Moderate precipitation
• SOIL
• Acidic, nutrient-poor soils

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BIOTIC FACTORS

• PLANTS
• Needleleaf coniferous trees such as spruce pine,
  cedar, fir, small berry-bearing shrubs
• ANIMALS
• Lynxes, wolves, weasels, moose, beavers,
  songbirds, migratory birds

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PLANT ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Short growing season
  
• 2. Evergreen trees - don't lose their leaves
  because it takes too much time and energy

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ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Migrate - go south for winter
  
• 2. Hibernate

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HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES

• Deforestation (cutting down trees)
• Erosion and mudslides on mountains if trees are
  cut down
• Lake pollution

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MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS

• Cold weather
• Deforestation
• Overhunting
• Acidic soils

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SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

• Spruce/Mistletoe - Parasitism

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TUNDRA
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Northern North America, Asia and Europe

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ABIOTIC FACTORS

• TEMPERATURE
• Short and soggy summers long, cold and dark
  winters
• PRECIPITATION
• Low precipitation
• SOIL
• Poorly developed soils because of permafrost

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BIOTIC FACTORS

• PLANTS
• Ground-hugging plants such as mosses, lichens,
  sedges and short grasses
• ANIMALS
• Migratory waterfowl, shore birds, musk ox, snowy
  owl, Arctic foxes, caribou, lemmings and other
  small rodents

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PLANT ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Short growing season
  
• 2. Shallow root system (because of permafrost)

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ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS

• 1. Fat/Fur to withstand harsh conditions for the
  few animals that stay year-round
  
• 2. Most animals migrate - go south during winter

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HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES

• Oil pollution - oil pipelines and the Exxon Valdez

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MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS

• Cold weather
• High winds
• Low precipitation
• Humus-poor soils

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SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

• Fungus/Algae (Lichen) - Mutualism