Slavery

1
Slavery

• Chapter 9

2
Nat Turner

• Virginia, 1831
• Nat Turner
• Slave, preacher
• Believed God had chosen him to free slaves
• Turner and followers killed 55 whites
• 100 blacks slaughtered in the effort to capture
  Turner
• 1831 (December) Jeffersons grandson presents
  plan for gradual emancipation in Virginia General
  Assembly (Vote 73 to 82)

3
Toussaint LOuverture

• Santo Domingo (Haiti)
• LOuverture
• Brilliant, self-educated
• Leads successful slave revolt
• 60,000 dead as a result
• Americans FEAR a slave revolt and slavery gets
  MORE BRUTAL

4
Southern views on slavery

• 1 in 4 own slaves
• 1 of 7 slave owners possesses more than 10
  slavers
• Most southerners are small farmers, but rich
  plantation owners dominate politics
• Sen. John C. Calhoun slavery is a positive
  good the most safe and stable basis for free
  institutions in the world.
• Albert Gallatin Brown slavery is a blessing
  for the slave, and a blessing to the master.
• By 1850 30,000 fugitive slaves in the North
  worth about 15 million (Anthony Burns captured
  in 1854 in Boston and returned to slavery

5
John Browns Body

• Chapter 10

6
John Brown

• 1856 Civil War in Bloody Kansas
• In may, John Brown and others murder 5 proslavery
  Kansans
• Believed he was acting for God
• 1859 Harpers Ferry
• John and 21 followers attempt to ignite a slave
  revolt
• Captured and executed (see pages 57 and 58)

7
(No Transcript)
8
Lincolns Problem

• Chapter 11

9
Secession

• South Carolina first
• Mississippi one of richest states (Millionaires
  of Natchez)
• Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas
• 7 quickly secede to start
• Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee
  follow after Lincoln calls for volunteers to fight

10
Preparing for WAR

• Richmond (capital of South, industrial center)
  exciting place with all war preparations
  (dreamlike only thinking of the glory of war)
• West Virginia secedes from Virginia
• Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware border,
  slave states that stay with Union

11
Free Slaves or Not?

• Abolitionists want Lincoln to free slaves
• Lincoln doesnt want to anger border states
• Lincoln says freeing slaves, losing war, and
  destroying Union will help NO ONE (slaves or not)

12
North Advantages

• More men
• 23 states vs. 11 states
• 22 million vs. 9 million (population)
• Almost 3 million soldiers to 1.5 million
• More industry
• More railroads
• More food
• LINCOLN

13
Southern Advantages

• Do not have to conquer anyone
• Can play defense
• Cause? liberty from government, maintain way of
  southern life
• Skilled fighters
• Used to shooting and riding, outdoors
• Better military leadership

14
Fort Sumter

• April 1861
• Lincoln wants to resupply fort
• Confederates take the fort
• PGT Beauregard

15
The Union Generals

• Chapter 12

16
Winfield Scott

• First General in charge
• Old, terrible shape still sharp
• Knew it would take a few years to win
• Old Fuss and Feathers
• Plan
• Blockade southern ports
• Control Mississippi River
• Send armies from east and west to squeeze
  Confederacy (Anaconda Plan)

17
George B. McClellan

• West Point graduate, age 35
• Excellent organizer
• Need to feed, house, equip MANY
• PROBLEM hesitant to fight

18
Lincoln tries more

• Fremont
• Burnside
• Halleck
• Hooker
• Pope
• Meade
• Then.

19
Ulysses S. Grant

• West Point
• Mexican War
• Inherited slave ???
• GOOD at FIGHTING
• Unconditional Surrender
• WINNING in WEST
• Outkill and Outlast!

20
The Confederate Generals

• Chapter 13

21
Southern Generals

• Soldiering tradition in South
• James Longstreet
• Old Pete or Old War Horse
• J.E.B. Stuart the eyes and ears
• One of most daring cavalry leaders
• Gettysburg error ???
• George Picket
• Friendly, well-like
• Pickets Charge at Gettysburg

22
Southern Generals

• Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson
• West Point, VMI instructor
• Strict, intelligent, daring, fearless
• A WINNER even when he shouldnt
• Very religious
• What happened to him?

23
Southern Generals

• Robert E. Lee
• West Point
• Did not want Union to dissolve
• Had to fight for Virginia
• Born leader Jackson would follow him
  blindfolded
• WINNER risk taker, genius

24
President Daviss Problems

• Chapter 14

25
The Problems

• Not enough food, clothing (shoes), weapons, ships
• Poor railroads
• Surplus of cotton in England
• No need to interfere with Union blockade
• English opposed slavery
• Confederate states acting independently
• Cannot get tax from them
• Davis couldnt communicate like Lincoln

26
Choosing Sides

• Chapter 15

27
War splits nation and families

• Clifton brothers both die at Petersburg,
  fighting on opposite sides
• 4 of Lincolns brother-in-laws fight for
  Confederacy (3 died)
• Henry Clays grandsons 3 for Union and 4 for
  Confederacy
• JEB Stuart Chased by father-in-law
• ETC.
• WHY fight for the North? Why South?
• North read box on 77, South their way

28
Did the war make a difference?

• Yes
• Ended Slavery
• Preserved Union
• U.S. committed to democracy through
  constitutional amendments that promoted fairness
  (equal opportunity)
• HOWEVER easier to change laws than to change
  ideas and habits
• Tyranny and persecution and bigotry are forbidden
  by the Constitution (un-American!)

29
The Soldiers

• Median age 24
• Many were 18 or 19
• Johnny Clem (11)
• Confederate Colonel tried to take him prisoner
• He killed the Colonel and was made a sergeant
• Eventually, government had to pay cash rewards
  for volunteers and both sides had to draft

30
Rich mans war, poor mans fight

• Confederates that owned 20 or more slaves did not
  have to serve (some fought anyway)
• Northerners could pay someone else to fight if
  they could afford it
• Many were farmers small-town boys most were
  never far from home
• Most signed up for an exciting adventure but
  what did they get???

31
War is NOT fun

• Long marches
• Disease
• Homesickness
• Bad food
• Hunger
• Long, boring encampments
• For every man that died in battle, two died of
  sickness

32
Weapons

• Sharps rifle breech-loading, single-shot
• Spencer seven-shot best repeating rifle
• Gatling machine gun, 250 rounds per minute
• MOST soldiers use muzzle loading rifle
• New weapons are much better. More accurate,
  shoot farther KILL better
• Fight with old-school tactics using new weapons
  MANY die as a result

33
Weapons

• Hot air balloons for spying
• Submarine it worked but not well
• This was the first modern war
• No by-the-rules orderly skirmish
• TOTAL WAR
• In the old days attackers had advantage now
  defenders are winning

34
Willie and TadThe point?

• Chapter 17

35
General McClellans Campaign

• Chapter 18

36
McClellan

• Takes charge after Bull Run
• Brings order and pride DRILLS
• Organized 100,000 men
• 2,500 supply wagons
• 300 cannons
• 25,000 animals
• 600 tons of supplies used each day!

37
McClellan

• Wants to take Richmond (capital and industrial
  center)
• Attack by boat Virginia Peninsula (see map on
  91)
• MUD difficult to move troops and supplies
• Time for Confederates to prepare
• Magruder marching troops all over the place to
  trick McClellan it works moves slower
• Seven Days Battle is tough on both sides
• Union retreats eventually

38
Chancellorsville

• Stonewall is accidentally wounded by friendly
  fire
• Lee says, He has lost his left arm, but I have
  lost my right arm.

39
War at Sea

• Chapter 19

40
Blockade

• Union wants to isolate the south only has 90
  ships to do it
• Confederates have no navy
• By time war ends, Union has 700 ships in service
• Confederates get English to build fast cruisers
  that can outrun blockade and attack Union
  merchant ships

41
Iron stronger than wood

• Confederates raised the sunken Merrimack and it
  becomes the Virginia
• Big, slow, clumsy, and STRONG
• Creates FEAR in Washington a super-ship
• Monitor is built and ships meet at Hampton Roads
• Neither ship can sink the other war has changed
  at sea forever

42
Admiral David Farragut

• Takes New Orleans with his fleet passing two
  Confederate forts that did everything to stop
  him
• See the BOX on page 97

43
Emancipation Means Freedom

• Chapter 20

44
Antietam (Sharpsburg) 9/17/62

• Why should McClellan have been able to crush Lee?
• Bloodiest day of the war 23,000 dead
• What happened after the battle or what didnt
  happen?
• See page 99 Lincolns visit to McClellan
• Clara Barton the Angel of the Battlefield

45
Emancipation Proclamation

• Lincoln reads it in September of 1862
• January 1, 1863, it becomes official
• What is the impact of this?
• Douglas lift the war into the dignity of a war
  for progress and civilization
• Lincoln signs his full name not just A. Lincoln

46
Determined Soldiers

• Chapter 21

47
Contrabands

• Property seized by the enemy
• They want to FIGHT!
• 54th Massachusetts
• Led by Colonel Robert G. Shaw
• Bayonet attack at Fort Wagner (Charleston Harbor)
• Half are wounded, captured or killed
• Captured white officers that led blacks would
  have been put to death as criminals
• Blacks would be sold into slavery
• 180,000 black soldiers fight for the Union

48
Marching Soldiers

• Chapter 22

49
Hardtack

• Armies CONSUME!!
• Wood or furniture, books, whatever else to burn
• Could take your home for their use
• Could take your vegetables and meat (animals from
  your farm)
• Live on flour, coffee, bacon, hardtack
• Total War make enemy civilians suffer

50
War in the South

• Most of the fighting is in the South VA
• South is being destroyed
• Peace movements in North tired of war
• Lee wants a big win in the NORTH!!!
• Stopped at Antietam in September of 1862
• Confident after victories at Fredericksburg and
  Chancellorsville (early summer of 1863)
• Lee heads for Pennsylvania George Meade and
  Union army head after Confederates

51
Gettysburg

• Day 1 (July 1, 1863)
• Fahnestocks store cleared out and goods shipped
  to Philadelphia
• Confederates after some shoes?
• General Buford holds off Confederates long enough
  to then secure the best ground Cemetery Ridge
• JEB Stuart Confederate cavalry is off riding
  and NOT getting info to Lee and others

52
Gettysburg

• Day 2 (July 2, 1863
• Confederates are on Seminary Ridge, about 1 mile
  from Union troops
• Confederates trying to flank the Union lines
• Little Roundtop (Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain in
  charge of defending it heroic effort)
• Culps Hill

53
Gettysburg

• Day 3 (July 3, 1863
• Confederates fire artillery at the center of the
  Union lines for 2 hours, then charge at the
  center
• Major General George Pickett leads about 15,000
  troops across nearly a mile of open field to
  charge the Union army get slaughtered!
• Longstreet advised Lee against this, but Lee
  wants to win so badly (he usually did too)

54
Gettysburg

• Day 3 (July 3, 1863
• Winfield Scott Hancock commands Yankees that wait
  for the charge behind a low stone wall on
  Cemetery Ridge
• Confederate General Lewis Armistead leads heroic
  effort to push into Union line with several
  hundred Rebels fails

55
Gettysburg

• Turning point of the war! Lee did not get big win
  in the North that he wanted
• Confederates lose 28,000 men
• Union loses 23,000 men
• Thousands of horses are dead
• Confederates walk home
• Lincoln wants Meade to ATTACK, but he doesnt

56
Lee the Fox

• Chapter 24

57
Lee is brilliant

• Sends Rebel soldier into Union camp to inform
  them that Rebels are ready to fight again, and
  this makes Meade hesitant to advance Rebels get
  to VA
• At same time as Gettysburg, Grant takes Vicksburg
  (Mississippi) going against the rules to win
• 48 days of bombing eventual starvation

58
Speeches at G-Burg

• Chapter 25

59
Gettysburg aftermath

• Citizens busy burying dead and treating wounded
  (16,000)
• November 19
• Edward Everett
• President of Harvard, senator, secretary of
  state, and ambassador to Britain
• Speaks for 2 hours!
• Lincoln
• Speaks from the heart for 2 minutes (page 122)

60
More Battles will it ever end?

• Chapter 26

61
Grant

• Grant now in charge of Union armies
• Southern strategy is to wear North out, and North
  wants to end this as quickly as possible
• Grant leads 120,000 to Richmond
• Attacks and attacks and attacks (map 125)
• Battle of the Wilderness horrible
• Grant wants to lay siege to Petersburg
• Confederates lose them
• Pontoon bridges across the James and Appomattox
  River page 126

62
Sherman

• Marches from West
• From Tennessee, through Georgia (Atlanta to
  Savannah), to the Carolinas
• Squeezes South like an Anaconda!
• Total War Shermans March to the Sea 40 mile
  wide path of destruction (Union soldiers take
  frustrations out on the South)
• Victory at Atlanta gets Lincoln reelected in 1864
  (against McClellan)

63
The Second Inaugural

• Chapter 27

64
Lincolns Speech

• Lincoln knows that South cant hold out much
  longer
• His speech aims at healing wounds bridging the
  gap between North and South unifying people
  (page 132)

65
Closing In on the End

• Chapter 28

66
Lincoln

• He is TIRED
• Visits Grant at City Point aboard River Queen and
  stays for 2 weeks
• Yankees take Five Forks after a counterattack
  while Pickett eats shad
• Confederates leave Richmond and burn it
• The capital of the South now belongs to the
  Union and Lincoln walks in

67
Mr. McLeans Parlor

• Chapter 29

68
Lee surrenders to Grant

• Grant traps Lee and troops, and Lee surrenders to
  Grant on April 9, 1865
• Appomattox Courthouse
• This is a MUST read Chapter!!!

69
A Play at Fords Theatre

• Chapter 30

70
April 14, 1865

• Our American Cousin at Fords Theatre
• John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln
• Lincoln dies on April 15

71
After Words

• Chapter 31

72
What now?

• This did nothing to help the South Lincoln
  wanted the nation to heal
• 600,000 dead
• Slow process of Reconstruction begins
• Positives Amendments 13,14, and 15